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PH 792: Epidemiology and Evolutionary Thinking (1 credits)
Spring 2015
Instructor:
Andrew Grandinetti, PhD
Biomed D104L
956-7495
[email protected]
Office hours: By appointment only
Course Description:
This is a graduate seminar course that will explore several aspects of human
health through the perspective of how natural selection and evolution influence
risk for infectious, chronic and psychological diseases and disorders, and how a
better understanding of these relationships may improve treatment and
prevention of such disorders. More specifically, we will explore how evolution
affects both pathogen and host adaptations, how ancestral environments and
lifestyles selected for both genetic and epigenetic metabolic adaptations, and
how evolutionary forces have influenced cultural adaptations and how these
adaptations affect both physical and mental health in the modern social,
economic and political environment. Finally, we will also explore how
evolutionary thinking can better inform epidemiological methodology, clinical
medicine, public health interventions and health policy.
Required Text: No textbook will be used. Course readings will require about 1-2
hours per week outside of class, and will include readings from selected journal
articles.
Description of Course Assignments:
Grading will be based on:
60%: one term paper, Vancouver format, (15-20 pages double spaced): 20% for
initial abstract and outline, 20% for rough draft, 20% for final draft, to be
completed in successive months
40%: class participation and in-class critical analyses of readings. I expect
regular attendance, knowledge of assigned readings, active participation and
intellectual engagement, and well-prepared presentations concerning the
readings.
There will be no exams!
Grading Scale for Class Assignments: An example
Grading Points
Class participation and attendance
Initial abstract and outline
Rough draft
Final draft
Total
Points
40
20
20
20
Percentage
40%
20%
20%
20%
Grading Scale:
You must indicate whether or not you are using the “+ -“
grading system
Grading Scale: This class will NOT be using the “plus/minus” grading system.
The grading scheme is as follows:
A – 90 points or greater
B – 80-89 points
C – 70-79 points
D – 65-69 points
F – < 65 points
Proposed Course Topic Schedule:
Week 1 - Review of principles of natural selection and evolutionary theory
Weeks 2 – History of evolution in biology and medicine
Weeks 3 and 4 – Host/pathogen interaction and adaptation
Weeks 5 and 6 – Evolution, social and environmental change and emerging
pathogens
Week 7 – Evolution and cancer
Weeks 8 and 9 - Ancient diet and lifestyle
Week 10 –Genetics and epigenetics, the risk for chronic diseases and what it
means to be “thrifty”
Week 11 - Evolution, Society and Life Course Epidemiology (how adaptation
becomes maladaptive)
Weeks 12 and 13- Evolutionary psychology
Weeks 14 and 15 – How evolutionary thinking can be applied to disease
prevention and treatment.
Course Policies: :
• Class papers/projects must be received when due to receive full credit.
• Students must attend class and participate in class discussions.
• Plagiarism will result in a failing (“F”) grade for the assignment. Students
should familiarize themselves with the university of Hawai‘i Student
Conduct Code.
• No extra credit assignments given.
• Final grades are based on completed assignments, class attendance, and
participation. All assignments must be completed for a passing grade.
•
Appropriate citations and references are expected (specify reference style
if appropriate).
Suggested Prerequisites:
To take this course, you should have taken any introductory course in
epidemiology, and you should know something about evolutionary principles:
helpful prerequisites could include any undergraduate or graduate course in
evolutionary biology, animal behavior, biological anthropology, or evolutionary
psychology.
Competencies:
1) Epidemiology Competencies:
Apply the basic terminology and definitions of epidemiology used to identify
patterns of disease and injury in human populations and apply epidemiological
methods to the identification and control of health problems.
Public Health Biology Competencies:
Discuss how public health biology – the biological and molecular context of public
health – impacts public health practice.
Criteria:
• Explain the role of biology in the ecological model of population-based
health
• Apply biological principles to the development and implementation of
disease prevention, control and evaluation.
Readings:
Barker, D. (2001). A new model for the origins of chronic disease. Medicine,
Health Care and Philosophy, 4, 31-35.
Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D. A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology:
conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives.
International journal of epidemiology. 2002 Apr;31(2):285-93.
Berlim, M., & Abeche, A. (2001). Evolutionary approach to medicine. Southern
Medical Journal, 94(1), 26-32.
Billing, J., & Sherman, P. (1998). Antimicrobial functions of spices: why some like
it hot. Quarterly Review of Biology, 73(1), 3-49.
Caplan, A. (1976). Evolution, ethics and the milk of human kindness. Hastings
Center Report, 6(2), 20-26.
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2000). Review: Evolution in Health and Disease. Parasitology
Today, 16(1), 42.
Cochran, G., Ewald, P., & Cochran, K. (2000). Infectious causation of disease:
an evolutionary perspective. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 43(3), 406448.
Cordain, L., Gotshall, R., Eaton, S., & Eaton, S. I. (1998). Physical activity,
energy expenditure and fitness: an evolutionary perspective. International
Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(5), 328-335.
Curtis, V., & Biran, A. (2001). Dirt, Disgust, and Disease. Perspectives in Biology
and Medicine, 44(1), 17-31.
Downie, J. (2004). Evolutionary biology. The Lancet, 363(April 3), 1168.
Dulloo, A., Henry, C., Ismail, M., Jacquet, J., & Girardier, L. (1994).
Predisposition to obesity in humans: an evolutionary advantage turned
deleterious. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 45, 159-168.
Eaton, S. (1992). Humans, lipids and evolution. Lipids, 27, 814-820.
Eaton, S., & Konner, M. (1985). Paleolithic nutrition: a consideration of its nature
and current implications. New England Journal of Medicine, 312, 283-289.
Eaton, S., & Nelson, D. (1991). Calcium in evolutionary perspective. The
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54, 281S-287S.
Eaton, S., Cordain, L., & Eaton, S. (2001). An evolutionary foundation for health
promotion. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 90, 5-12.
Eaton, S., Cordain, L., & Lindeberg, S. (2002). Evolutionary health promotion: a
consideration of common counterarguments. Preventive Medicine, 34(2), 119123.
Eaton, S., Eaton, S. I., Konner, M., & Shostak, M. (1996). An evolutionary
perspective enhances understanding of human nutritional requirements. Journal
of Nutrition, 126, 1732-1740.
Eaton, S., Konner, M., & Shotak, M. (1988). Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic
degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. The American Journal of
Medicine, 84, 739-749.
Eaton, S., Pike, M., Short, R., Lee, N., Trussell, J., Hatcher, R., et al. (1994).
Women's reproductive cancers in evolutionary context. Quarterly Review of
Biology, 69, 353-367.
Eaton, S., Strassman, B., Nesse, R., Neel, J., Ewald, P., Williams, G., et al.
(2002). Evolutionary health promotion. Preventive Medicine, 34(2), 109-118.
Ewald, P. (1980). Evolutionary biology and the treatment of signs and symptoms
of infectious disease. The Journal of Theoretical Biology, 86, 169-176.
Flaxman, S., & Sherman, P. (2000). Morning sickness: a mechanism for
protecting mother and embryo. Quarterly Review of Biology, 75(2), 113-148.
Gammelgaard, A. (2000). Evolutionary biology and the concept of disease.
Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 3(2), 109-116.
Goldsmith, M. (1993). Ancestors may provide clinical answers, say 'Darwinian'
medical evolutionists. JAMA, 269(12), 1477-1480.
Gould, S., & Vrba, E. (1982). Exaptation - A Missing Term in the Science of
Form. Paleobiology, 8, 4-15.
Halberstein, R. (2001). Evolutionary Medicine. American Journal of Human
Biology, 13(2), 289-290.
Haldane, J. B. S. (1949). Disease and evolution. La Ricera Scientifica
supplemento, 19, 68-76.
Harper, R. (1958). Evolution and illness. The Lancet, 1958(1) or (2), 92-94.
Hutton, C. W. (1987). Generalized osteoarthritis: an evolutionary problem?
Lancet, 1, 1463-1465.
Jacob, F. (1977). Evolution and tinkering. Science, 196, 1161-1166.
Kass, L. (1997). The wisdom of repugnance. The New Republic (June 2), 17-26.
Kirkwood, T., & Holliday, R. (1979). The evolution of ageing and longevity.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 205, 531-546.
Kluger, M. (1978). The Evolution and Adaptive Value of Fever. American
Scientist, 66, 38-43.
Kluger, M. (1986). Fever: A hot topic. Physiology, 1(1), 25-27.
Kluger, M. (1991). The Adaptive Value of Fever. In P. Mackowiak (Ed.), Fever:
Basic Mechanisms and Management. New York: Raven Press.
Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y, Lynch J, Hallqvist J, Power C. Life course epidemiology. Journal
of epidemiology and community health. 2003 Oct;57(10):778-83.
Lee, M. (1995). Evolution and Healing. The Lancet, 346(September 9), 686.
LeGrand, E. (1990). Endotoxin as an alarm signal of bacterial invasion. JAVMA,
197(4), 454-456.
LeGrand, E. (1997). An adaptationist view of apotosis. Quarterly Review of
Biology, 72(2), 135-147.
LeGrand, E. (2000). Implications of early apoptosis of infected cells as an
important host defense. Medical Hypotheses, 54(4), 591-596.
LeGrand, E. (2000). Why infection-induced anorexia? The case for enhanced
apoptosis of infected cells. Medical Hypotheses, 54(4), 597-602.
Leopold, A., & Ardrey, R. (1972). Toxic substances in plants and the food habits
of early Man. Science, 176, 512-514.
Lewis, S (2009). Seeking a new biomedical model. How evolutionary biology
may contribute. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 15: 745-748.
Lindahl, B. (2000). Health and Evolution. Scand J Public Health, 28, 309-311
Mayr, E. (2000). Darwin's influence on modern thought. Scientific American,
283(July), 66-71.
McCrone, J. (2003). Darwinian Medicine. The Lancet - Neurology, 2(August),
516.
Mysterud, I. (1994). Correspondence (Stay with Darwin). Trends in Ecology and
Evolution, 9, 440-441.
Neel, J. (1962). Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by
"progress"? American Journal of Human Genetics, 14, 353-362.
Olshansky, S., Carnes, B., & Butler, R. (2001). If Humans Were Built To Last.
Scientific American, 284(3), 42-47.
Profet, M. (1988). The evolution of pregnancy sickness as protection to the
embryo against Pleistocene teratogens. Evolutionary Theory, 8, 177-190.
Profet, M. (1991). The function of allergy: immunological defense against toxins.
The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66, 23-62.
Purssell, E. (2005). Symptoms in the host: infection and treatment model. Journal
of Clinical Nursing, 14, 555–561.
Riggs, J. (1993). Stone-age genes and modern lifestyle: evolutionary mismatch
or differential survival bias. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46(11), 1289-1291.
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94(1), 23-41.
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Scriver, C. (1984). An evolutionary view of disease in Man. Proceedings of the
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Sherman, P., & Billing, J. (1999). Darwinian gastronomy: why we use spices.
Bioscience, 49(6), 453-463.
Sherman, P., & Flaxman, S. (2001). Protecting ourselves from food - Spices and
morning sickness may shield us from toxins and microorganisms in the diet.
American Scientist, 89, 142-151.
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Stevens, A. (1997). Correspondence (Evolutionary medicine). Journal of the
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