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PH 792: Epidemiology and Evolutionary Thinking (1 credits) Spring 2015 Instructor: Andrew Grandinetti, PhD Biomed D104L 956-7495 [email protected] Office hours: By appointment only Course Description: This is a graduate seminar course that will explore several aspects of human health through the perspective of how natural selection and evolution influence risk for infectious, chronic and psychological diseases and disorders, and how a better understanding of these relationships may improve treatment and prevention of such disorders. More specifically, we will explore how evolution affects both pathogen and host adaptations, how ancestral environments and lifestyles selected for both genetic and epigenetic metabolic adaptations, and how evolutionary forces have influenced cultural adaptations and how these adaptations affect both physical and mental health in the modern social, economic and political environment. Finally, we will also explore how evolutionary thinking can better inform epidemiological methodology, clinical medicine, public health interventions and health policy. Required Text: No textbook will be used. Course readings will require about 1-2 hours per week outside of class, and will include readings from selected journal articles. Description of Course Assignments: Grading will be based on: 60%: one term paper, Vancouver format, (15-20 pages double spaced): 20% for initial abstract and outline, 20% for rough draft, 20% for final draft, to be completed in successive months 40%: class participation and in-class critical analyses of readings. I expect regular attendance, knowledge of assigned readings, active participation and intellectual engagement, and well-prepared presentations concerning the readings. There will be no exams! Grading Scale for Class Assignments: An example Grading Points Class participation and attendance Initial abstract and outline Rough draft Final draft Total Points 40 20 20 20 Percentage 40% 20% 20% 20% Grading Scale: You must indicate whether or not you are using the “+ -“ grading system Grading Scale: This class will NOT be using the “plus/minus” grading system. The grading scheme is as follows: A – 90 points or greater B – 80-89 points C – 70-79 points D – 65-69 points F – < 65 points Proposed Course Topic Schedule: Week 1 - Review of principles of natural selection and evolutionary theory Weeks 2 – History of evolution in biology and medicine Weeks 3 and 4 – Host/pathogen interaction and adaptation Weeks 5 and 6 – Evolution, social and environmental change and emerging pathogens Week 7 – Evolution and cancer Weeks 8 and 9 - Ancient diet and lifestyle Week 10 –Genetics and epigenetics, the risk for chronic diseases and what it means to be “thrifty” Week 11 - Evolution, Society and Life Course Epidemiology (how adaptation becomes maladaptive) Weeks 12 and 13- Evolutionary psychology Weeks 14 and 15 – How evolutionary thinking can be applied to disease prevention and treatment. Course Policies: : • Class papers/projects must be received when due to receive full credit. • Students must attend class and participate in class discussions. • Plagiarism will result in a failing (“F”) grade for the assignment. Students should familiarize themselves with the university of Hawai‘i Student Conduct Code. • No extra credit assignments given. • Final grades are based on completed assignments, class attendance, and participation. All assignments must be completed for a passing grade. • Appropriate citations and references are expected (specify reference style if appropriate). Suggested Prerequisites: To take this course, you should have taken any introductory course in epidemiology, and you should know something about evolutionary principles: helpful prerequisites could include any undergraduate or graduate course in evolutionary biology, animal behavior, biological anthropology, or evolutionary psychology. Competencies: 1) Epidemiology Competencies: Apply the basic terminology and definitions of epidemiology used to identify patterns of disease and injury in human populations and apply epidemiological methods to the identification and control of health problems. Public Health Biology Competencies: Discuss how public health biology – the biological and molecular context of public health – impacts public health practice. Criteria: • Explain the role of biology in the ecological model of population-based health • Apply biological principles to the development and implementation of disease prevention, control and evaluation. Readings: Barker, D. (2001). A new model for the origins of chronic disease. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 4, 31-35. Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D. A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives. International journal of epidemiology. 2002 Apr;31(2):285-93. Berlim, M., & Abeche, A. (2001). Evolutionary approach to medicine. Southern Medical Journal, 94(1), 26-32. Billing, J., & Sherman, P. (1998). Antimicrobial functions of spices: why some like it hot. Quarterly Review of Biology, 73(1), 3-49. Caplan, A. (1976). Evolution, ethics and the milk of human kindness. Hastings Center Report, 6(2), 20-26. Cavalier-Smith, T. (2000). Review: Evolution in Health and Disease. Parasitology Today, 16(1), 42. Cochran, G., Ewald, P., & Cochran, K. (2000). Infectious causation of disease: an evolutionary perspective. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 43(3), 406448. Cordain, L., Gotshall, R., Eaton, S., & Eaton, S. I. (1998). Physical activity, energy expenditure and fitness: an evolutionary perspective. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(5), 328-335. Curtis, V., & Biran, A. (2001). Dirt, Disgust, and Disease. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 44(1), 17-31. Downie, J. (2004). Evolutionary biology. The Lancet, 363(April 3), 1168. Dulloo, A., Henry, C., Ismail, M., Jacquet, J., & Girardier, L. (1994). Predisposition to obesity in humans: an evolutionary advantage turned deleterious. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 45, 159-168. Eaton, S. (1992). Humans, lipids and evolution. Lipids, 27, 814-820. Eaton, S., & Konner, M. (1985). Paleolithic nutrition: a consideration of its nature and current implications. New England Journal of Medicine, 312, 283-289. Eaton, S., & Nelson, D. (1991). Calcium in evolutionary perspective. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54, 281S-287S. Eaton, S., Cordain, L., & Eaton, S. (2001). An evolutionary foundation for health promotion. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 90, 5-12. Eaton, S., Cordain, L., & Lindeberg, S. (2002). Evolutionary health promotion: a consideration of common counterarguments. Preventive Medicine, 34(2), 119123. Eaton, S., Eaton, S. I., Konner, M., & Shostak, M. (1996). An evolutionary perspective enhances understanding of human nutritional requirements. Journal of Nutrition, 126, 1732-1740. Eaton, S., Konner, M., & Shotak, M. (1988). Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. The American Journal of Medicine, 84, 739-749. Eaton, S., Pike, M., Short, R., Lee, N., Trussell, J., Hatcher, R., et al. (1994). Women's reproductive cancers in evolutionary context. Quarterly Review of Biology, 69, 353-367. Eaton, S., Strassman, B., Nesse, R., Neel, J., Ewald, P., Williams, G., et al. (2002). Evolutionary health promotion. Preventive Medicine, 34(2), 109-118. Ewald, P. (1980). Evolutionary biology and the treatment of signs and symptoms of infectious disease. The Journal of Theoretical Biology, 86, 169-176. Flaxman, S., & Sherman, P. (2000). Morning sickness: a mechanism for protecting mother and embryo. Quarterly Review of Biology, 75(2), 113-148. Gammelgaard, A. (2000). Evolutionary biology and the concept of disease. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 3(2), 109-116. Goldsmith, M. (1993). Ancestors may provide clinical answers, say 'Darwinian' medical evolutionists. JAMA, 269(12), 1477-1480. Gould, S., & Vrba, E. (1982). Exaptation - A Missing Term in the Science of Form. Paleobiology, 8, 4-15. Halberstein, R. (2001). Evolutionary Medicine. American Journal of Human Biology, 13(2), 289-290. Haldane, J. B. S. (1949). Disease and evolution. La Ricera Scientifica supplemento, 19, 68-76. Harper, R. (1958). Evolution and illness. The Lancet, 1958(1) or (2), 92-94. Hutton, C. W. (1987). Generalized osteoarthritis: an evolutionary problem? Lancet, 1, 1463-1465. Jacob, F. (1977). Evolution and tinkering. Science, 196, 1161-1166. Kass, L. (1997). The wisdom of repugnance. The New Republic (June 2), 17-26. Kirkwood, T., & Holliday, R. (1979). The evolution of ageing and longevity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 205, 531-546. Kluger, M. (1978). The Evolution and Adaptive Value of Fever. American Scientist, 66, 38-43. Kluger, M. (1986). Fever: A hot topic. Physiology, 1(1), 25-27. Kluger, M. (1991). The Adaptive Value of Fever. In P. Mackowiak (Ed.), Fever: Basic Mechanisms and Management. New York: Raven Press. Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y, Lynch J, Hallqvist J, Power C. Life course epidemiology. Journal of epidemiology and community health. 2003 Oct;57(10):778-83. Lee, M. (1995). Evolution and Healing. The Lancet, 346(September 9), 686. LeGrand, E. (1990). Endotoxin as an alarm signal of bacterial invasion. JAVMA, 197(4), 454-456. LeGrand, E. (1997). An adaptationist view of apotosis. Quarterly Review of Biology, 72(2), 135-147. LeGrand, E. (2000). Implications of early apoptosis of infected cells as an important host defense. Medical Hypotheses, 54(4), 591-596. LeGrand, E. (2000). Why infection-induced anorexia? The case for enhanced apoptosis of infected cells. Medical Hypotheses, 54(4), 597-602. Leopold, A., & Ardrey, R. (1972). Toxic substances in plants and the food habits of early Man. Science, 176, 512-514. Lewis, S (2009). Seeking a new biomedical model. How evolutionary biology may contribute. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 15: 745-748. Lindahl, B. (2000). Health and Evolution. Scand J Public Health, 28, 309-311 Mayr, E. (2000). Darwin's influence on modern thought. Scientific American, 283(July), 66-71. McCrone, J. (2003). Darwinian Medicine. The Lancet - Neurology, 2(August), 516. Mysterud, I. (1994). Correspondence (Stay with Darwin). Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 440-441. Neel, J. (1962). Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"? American Journal of Human Genetics, 14, 353-362. Olshansky, S., Carnes, B., & Butler, R. (2001). If Humans Were Built To Last. Scientific American, 284(3), 42-47. Profet, M. (1988). The evolution of pregnancy sickness as protection to the embryo against Pleistocene teratogens. Evolutionary Theory, 8, 177-190. Profet, M. (1991). The function of allergy: immunological defense against toxins. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 66, 23-62. Purssell, E. (2005). Symptoms in the host: infection and treatment model. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14, 555–561. Riggs, J. (1993). Stone-age genes and modern lifestyle: evolutionary mismatch or differential survival bias. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46(11), 1289-1291. Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94(1), 23-41. Russell, W., & Russell, C. (1983). Evolutionary and social aspects of disease. Ecology of Disease, 2, 95-106. Sadler, J. (1999). Horsefeathers: A Commentary on "Evolutionary Versus Prototype Analyses of the Concept of Disorder". Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(3), 433-437. Scriver, C. (1984). An evolutionary view of disease in Man. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 220, 273-298. Sherman, P., & Billing, J. (1999). Darwinian gastronomy: why we use spices. Bioscience, 49(6), 453-463. Sherman, P., & Flaxman, S. (2001). Protecting ourselves from food - Spices and morning sickness may shield us from toxins and microorganisms in the diet. American Scientist, 89, 142-151. Southwood, T. (1987). The natural environment and disease: an evolutionary perspective. British Medical Journal, 294, 1086-1089. Stearns, S. (2005). Issues in Evolutionary Medicine. American Journal of Human Biology, 17, 131-140. Stearns, S., & Ebert, D. (2001). Evolution in Health and Disease: Work in Progress. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 76(4), 417-432. Stevens, A. (1997). Correspondence (Evolutionary medicine). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 90, 525. Trevathan, W., & McKenna, J. (2001). Evolutionary medicine and populationbased thinking in cultural context: The best of three worlds? American journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 32, 151. Weiner, H. (1998). Notes on an evolutionary medicine. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 510-520. Williams, G., & Nesse, R. (1991). 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