Download Reading Guide for Week 9_10

Reading Guide for Week 9-10 – Bio260
Colleen Sheridan
Stage 03 – Invasion! Immunity and Pathogenesis
Our bacteria have now established themselves in our host’s body by adhering and growing through binary
fission. Now let’s study how our body fights back (immunity) and how bacteria and viruses counterattack by
causing disease (pathogenesis).
In this week’s reading you will learn about:
1. Eukaryotic cellular structure
2. Innate immunity
3. Adaptive immunity
Essential question: As you are reading, keep asking yourself, “How is this helping me to understand how my
immune system works to fight off pathogenic microbes?”
Chapter 3: Microscopy and Cell Structure (pg 68-78)
You and your immune system are made out of eukaryotic cells. Make sure to review eukaryotic cell structure
and function in Chapter 3. This is the basic foundation to help you understand how the eukaryotic cells of
your immune system work to fight off pathogenic microbes.
Review the parts of the eukaryotic cell.
Chapter 14: The Innate Immune Response
1. What is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
FIRST-LINE DEFENSES
2. Know examples of the different physical barriers in the first-line defenses. Know about antimicrobial
susbtances and role of normal microbiota. How do you think bacteria can counter these defenses?
SENSOR SYSTEMS AND EFFECTOR RESPONSES
3. Know the function of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes (more on lymphocytes in
Chapter 15). Which cells are considered phagocytic?
4. Know that cells communicate to one another through cytokines and cytokine receptors. What are the roles
of chemokines and interferons?
5. What are PRRs? What types of structures do they recognize? Know that TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs are all
PRRs. (Also know that in lecture, I kept it simple and referred to them solely as PRRs, but if you talk to an
immunologist, they will look at you funny if all you say is “PRRs.” It is best to talk about the specific type of
PRR, like TLRs, NLRs, or RLRs.) Where can you find these PRRs and what type of response is activated by
them? How does the interferon response work to inhibit viral replication?
6. How do phagocytes work to eliminate foreign material? What are some mechanisms that microbes use to
evade phagocytosis?
7. What are the three ways to activate the complement system? What major protein in the complement cascade
is key to activating the rest of the proteins? Know the functions of C3 convertase, C3a, C3b, C5a, and MACs
(but not the other C components). What are the three outcomes from complement activation?
8. Be able to describe the process of phagocytosis (Figure 14.13). How do you think bacteria can avoid
phagocytosis?
9. Know how inflammation promotes a response to eliminate bacteria. What are the steps in the process?
10. Now using the information above, describe the innate immune response to bacteria that have entered into a
wound (across the skin barrier). How about the innate immune response to a bacterial infection in the throat (on
a mucous membrane)? Why do you think your throat would be sore?
Chapter 15: The Adaptive Immune Response
1. What are unique properties of the immune system? What are primary lymphoid organs and secondary
lymphoid organs?
2. Know the general structure of antibodies, the Fc region, and the variable region. How do they bind antigen?
What are the protective outcomes of antibody-antigen binding? Where would you find IgG and IgA? How
do IgG and IgA provide protection?
3. Know which cells make antibodies and how they are activated to make them. Know what types of invaders
these cells are most effective in protecting against.
4. Know which cells kill infected host cells. Know what types of infections, etc. these cell are most effective in
eliminating. How do these cells help the antibody producing cells?
5. How long does a primary response take to get “a substantial amount of antibodies to accumulate”?
6. Understand MHC Class I and MHC Class II molecules. Where are they found? Which type displays
endogenous (intracellular) antigens? Which type displays exogenous (extracellular) antigens?
7. What role do dendritic cells and macrophages play in the immune response?
8. Know how CD4 (helper) and CD8 (cytotoxic) T-cells are activated and their effector functions. What is the
role of T cell receptors? How do T helper cells activate B cells? What function do Natural Killer cells play
in the immune system?
9. Know how the immune system responds to a bacterial infection. Which cells are involved?
10. Know how the immune system responds to a viral infection. Which cells are involved?
11. What is meant by immunological memory?