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Transcript
IT for Decision Makers Networking and Security By Sam Fonua for UNESCO 2002 Presentation Overview Background on Security Why Security Threats and attacks The motives, techniques and methods Vulnerability Security Policies Internet “Information Super Highway” A network of Networks One of the Most Valuable Resources of the Information Age Provides Access to User Networks Runs without Single Entity in Charge What is a LAN (Local Area Network)? A data communication network Often confined to a single room, building or adjacent buildings In a Larger scale - WAN (Wide Area Network) Today’s Network Environment Interconnectivity Computer Security 3 Facts Computers are critical to fulfill your organization’s mission There are defined threats to your computer system Computer system are vulnerable What are these threats…as perceived by many? Unauthorized users those that have access to information that they are not suppose to gain access to. “In 1999, some students at the University of the South Pacific managed to get access to the system and retrieve a list of all students email passwords. This allowed them to send abusive messages to others using other students email account” What are these threats…as perceived by many? Careless employees those that can change, modify or damage data intentionally or unintentionally, A government Information Technology officer in the Tuvalu Government accidentally deleted the content of one of the Government Computer’s Hard Disk early this year which contain hundreds of official documents …no backups!!! backing up of important data is not considered important in most developing countries including Pacific Island Countries. Perceived threats…? Malicious Attackers hackers: those that use hacking tools to gain access to networks, usually to exploit vulnerabilities. It is known that most Internet services Providers (ISPs) in Developing countries are still very much insecure. It took a while for the Tonga ISP (Kalianet) to realize that there was a hole in their security system. Allowing hackers to crack their password system and gain access to the internet free of charge. Entry into the server would give access to most of the nations emails Perceived threats…? Virus Attackers Virus attack comes in many forms and it has become the most common and frustrating threat to many organization and countries - large or small. These are small programs designed and developed to cause problems in computer and network systems. Nasty viruses have costs firms millions of dollars in damages or in protection measures. Note: Further readings on viruses on handouts Redefining Security What do we protect Information Later security include Privacy confidentiality, and Integrity An Example... “Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhu Bangzao rejected allegations that China stole U.S. nuclear secrets, saying such claims are meant to undermine China-U.S. relations. Meanwhile, a CIA-led task force was assessing how much damage may have been done to U.S. national security after a Chinese scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico allegedly shared nuclear secrets.” Electronic Mail Personal Computer Local Area Networks Satellite Systems Electronic Funds Transfer E-Commerce Cellular Phones Distributed Database Video Teleconferencing Problem: Information Overload 1. National Level - Information Infrastructure Education Energy distribution and supply Entertainment Financial Health care Information Distribution National Security, emergency preparedness & public safety Transportation Security Requirements Are driven by threat & vulnerability... Security terms Confidentiality - Privacy Most Governments in the Pacific are still using national / commercial ISP email servers for their own email. Did you know the ISP can read your email? How do Governments protect individuals privacy from ISPs Does your Government have adequate policies to protect confidential electronic data / communications? Security terms Data Integrity - absolute verification that data has not been altered. “The tribunal in Fiji could not prove the integrity of an email message claimed to be originated from a government employee which stated that one of Fiji’s former Finance Minister ( Mr. Ah Koy) was one of the people behind the Fiji coup in 2000.” Security terms Availability - Assurance of service on Demand “A large computer software company (ASI) caught by surprise in Australia, when they could not access most of their services in the network due to an outbreak of the Nirmada virus- September 2001” Security terms Authentication - verification of originator Authorization - only authorized user access to sensitive data What is at Risk Banking/Financial Power and Utility Distribution Telephone System/Public Switched Network Stock Exchange/Security Trading Reserves and Social Security Governments and Important companies Research and Development Air traffic Control system Schools and higher Institution Organizational Impact Compromise And Loss of Data Loss of Confidence in System Loss of Money Loss of Time Repair or Replacement of Equipment Consequences Spectrum includes most functions that constitute the underlying fabric of the nation Degradation of any of these functions constitute a threat to national security, economic wellbeing or public safety Technology to inflict massive disruptions exists and is growing in availability and sophistication Threats to Computer Systems Threats by People Unintentional Employee's Action =>10 - 60% Intentional Employee Action =>15 - 20% Outside Actions =>1 - 3% Physical and Environment Threats Fire damage => 10 - 15% Water Damage =>1 - 5% Natural Disaster => 1% Other => 5 - 10% Security Threats Human Malicious Natural Disasters Non malicious Flood Fire Earth Quakes Ignorant Outsiders Insiders Crackers/Hackers Disgruntled Hurricanes Motives and Methods Some Examples Threats Motives/Goals Methods Security Policies Employees Deny services Social engineering Vulnerabilities Malicious Steal information Viruses, Trojan horses, worms Assets Ignorant Alter information Packet replay Non-employees Damage information Packet modification Information and data Outside attackers Delete information IP spoofing Natural disasters Make a joke Mail bombing Floods Various hacking tools Earthquakes Hurricanes Riots and wars Show off Password cracking Productivity Hardware Personnel Some common sabotage Changing data Deleting data Destroying data Crashing systems Destroying hardware or facilities Entering data incorrectly Malicious attack Deleting or altering information - revenge or prove a point Theft and Fraud Disrupt Normal business Malicious Attacker “ Last year a disgruntled former employee of ITC (Fiji Information Technology Centre) walked in early one morning to the Suva office, in to the main server room, login to the server and changed all administrative passwords on the servers, and then catch a flight to Australia. ITC staff to their surprised could not logon to any of the system….” Computer Crime is on the Rise What is required for an attack motive + = method + Attacks vulnerability How to gain access... Hack Attack Real Hacker Attacks on the increase thousands of intrusions reported last year Attacks averaging one or more a day Intruders now focus on Entire Network rather than individual computer or even systems Most penetrations are not detected Virus Definitions trapdoors - A trap door is a hidden software or hardware mechanism included by the author of a software that permits system protection systems to be bypassed. Allow unhindered access to the attacker. Logic bomb program that causes damage when a certain event(s) takes place. Trojan Horse - a computer program that looks like a normal program hidden inside another program. Once the valid program runs the hidden code starts and may damaged or delete files remember “Melissa” VirusDefinitions Virus - A program which infects other programs by modifying them to include a copy of itself. Bacterium - A bacterium sometimes called a “chain letter” is a program which propagates itself by electronic mail to everyone in the victim's mailing list. Very common today Worm - These are programs that run independently and travel from computer to computer across network connections The worst Viruses Melissa Code Red and many more These virus have cost Companies millions of dollars “The Fiji government main computer systems was affected by the Melissa virus in 2000 disrupting services for almost 2 days .” Sources of Malicious code infections Shareware - free software Commercial Software Packages Networks - email etc Sabotage by Employees, terrorists, Crackers, or Spies Pirated Software Public Domain Software How vulnerable are we? “Growing dependence on networks for essential daily activities HIGHTENS Risk” Network Vulnerabilities Access by unauthorized users Lack of physical control General lack of monitoring/auditing features Identification of dial in users Failure to backup critical data Sensitive to outside interference Virus infection National Infrastructure is at risk Increased Connectivity results in greater Vulnerability Dependence on unprotected information infrastructure creates serious operational readiness risks Defense Infrastructure and National Information Infrastructure offer minimal defense against unauthorized access and use The results…. How do we protect ourselves? Protective Measures Prevention Prevent information from being damaged, altered or stolen Detection take measures to detect damaged, altered or stolen data, how and who? Reaction take measures that will allow recovery, if data is damaged or lost Security Standards & definitions INFOSEC - Information Systems Security The protection of information system against unauthorized access to or modification of information, whether in storage, processing, transit, and against the denial of service to authorized users or the provision of services to unauthorized users, including those measures necessary to detect, document, and counter such threats Security Standards & definitions COMSEC - Communications Security Measures and controls taken to deny unauthorized persons information derived from telecommunications and ensure the authenticity of such as telecommunication, this includes cryptosecurity, transmission, emissions, and physical security of the COMSEC material Security Standards & definitions COMPUSEC - Computer Security Measures and controls that ensure confidentiality, integrity, availability of information processed and stored in the computer INFOSEC Concerns Compromise The disclosure of information to person(s) not authorized to receive such data Integrity The assurance that computer resources operate correctly and that the data is correct Denial of Service (DoS) Any action that prevents any part of a system from functioning in accordance with its intended purpose, causing unauthorized destruction, modification, or delay of service. Risk Management INFOSEC is based on Risk “You cannot protect Everything from everybody all the time” RISK = Threat * Vulnerability - Security Key Question... “How Much is Enough?” The Balancing Act Level of Security Levels of security are related to sensitivity of Information Information available to general Public (Internet) Information available to system users Information available to Departments Information available to Other Organization Administrators Information and System privileges available to system Managers Assurance Assurance = establishing a secure environment Architecture Specification/verification Facilities management Testing Disaster recovery/contingency planning Compliance Risk Management A systematic method to analyze security risks and bring in cost effective safeguards to reduce risk In simpler terms Decide what you need to protect Decide what to protect it from Decide how to protect it Preventing Virus Infection Never boot up a system from an unprotected diskette Never use untested software Minimize file and software sharing Prohibit use of unapproved software from any source Educate users on downloading suspicious internet files or emails Use known anti-virus program and updates regularly Faulty Software was used by the New York Bank in 1985 for paying Bills was not accepting incoming electronic $ resulting in $3.1 Million Loss in one day It costs millions of dollars for companies if Data is lost, tempered, stolen or damaged. Firewalls Prevents Unauthorized ACCESS to PROTECTED systems by placing a barrier between the Internet and the organization. INTERNET Configuration management & control Data Life Cycle Retention Policy Destruction Policy System Life Cycle Application Change procedures Backup Policy Upgrades Hardware Standard Operating Procedures Upgrades Elements of a protective Plan System Description Three Dimensional Model Critical Information Characteristic confidentiality, Availability & integrity Information states transmission, storage & processing Security Measures policy, awareness, training & education Information System Security COUNTERMEASURES The triad Technology Policy & Practices Awareness, Training & Education Policy and Security How an organization policy affects security Lack of policy leads to improper care and use of resources/information Inefficient duplication of data & application costs money Policy Intent Defines access to information Outline destination controls - who should/shouldn’t be allowed to read or write National Network Security Are national ISPs liable for breach of privacy? Is the illegal entry into a private computer network a crime in your country? Policy and Security (Con’t.) Policy Derivation Laws, Regulations, Organization Policy Often a reaction to defined threats and vulnerabilities Defines procedures for introducing new applications - e.g. Virus scan policy Guide Policies Can use pre-written “off the shelf” as guides e.g. http://www.securitypolicy.co.uk/secpolicy/ http://csrc.nist.gov/isptg/html/ http://www.network-and-it-security-policies.com/ www.gipipolicy.org Discussion Topics Topic 1: Future Security - The 21st security Topic 2: Smart Card - Can you feel a lot secure Topic 3: Cyber attack - Is this a threat to Pacific Islands Thank You