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Roman History VI: Rome in the Balance Culture Lesson for 3rd Year Latin Origins of Parties In this period of Roman history, many Romans are divided into two “political parties”: Optimates- “The Best Men.” Look to the benefits and status of aristocracy Populares- “The People’s Men.” Look to the benefits and status of common people Define positions more than people, as many support issues from both sides throughout their careers Threats to Rome Jugurtha of Numidia begins armed insurrection within the province, 112 B.C. Sicilian slaves revolt, halting grain shipments, 132 and 103101 B.C. Invasion of Italy by Gallic and Germanic tribes, 104-101 B.C. Rise of G. Marius Born in Arpinum, Latium Member of the equites class Begins official life in 119 after a brief military career; holds all offices but consul by 109 In 109, joins war against Jugurtha. Commander does not release him to run for consul, and Marius retaliates The Consulships of Gaius Marius In 107, Marius runs for consulship against Metellus, his commander Promises a quick end to the Jugurthine War, professes he will not be corrupted by money Previously, Jugurtha had bought off generals or senators to make peace and remove Roman armies from Numidia Marius wins easily, takes command of war in Africa A Solution… Isn’t It? Lacking in soldiers, Marius comes up with a new method of military recruitment Dissolves land ownership requirement, enlists from the massive urban poor of Rome Provides all equipment, food, and pay for soldiers The Fall of Jugurtha From 107 to 105, engages in war with Jugurtha. However, cannot end the war through battle. Marius’ quaestor, L. Cornelius Sulla, arranges for Jugurtha’s betrayal and successful capture; Jugurtha then surrenders to Sulla, not Marius Now for the Germans Two German tribes, the Cimbri and Teutones, invade Italy in 104 B.C. Senate gives Marius dispensation to run again for consulship, despite not having had enough time between terms Continues to run for, win office from 104 all the way through 100 B.C. Victoriae! Defeats the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae, 102 B.C. Defeats the Cimbri at Vercellae, 101 B.C. Not through his efforts, but Sicilian slave revolt also successfully suppressed, grain supplies flow again But alas… Following unprecedented 6 consulships (5 of them consecutive) Marius becomes envied by aristocracy of Rome Especially envied because he is a novus homo (new man), the first person in his family to hold high office Public opinion favored his former ally, Sulla, and Marius contemplates military action against him, until… SOCIAL WAR! Italian allies, upset at lack of rights and citizenship, revolt War lasts from 91-89 B.C. Marks the first military experience for Gn. Pompey, M. Crassus, and M. Cicero While Rome wins in the field, peace is only achieved through giving all Italians citizenship And then… During the distraction of the Social War, Mithridates VI of Pontus invades eastern provinces Rather than turn to Rome for protection, many provincials look to Mithridates as a liberator With the war over in 89, Rome turns its eyes east to retake its territory But first… Sulla legally elected consul for 88 and given charge of the campaign against Mithridates Plebeian assembly passes a law giving Marius the command Sulla therefore attacks Rome, wrests the command from the people by force, kills his enemies… then leaves for the East. While Sulla’s away… Marius and his supporters retake power. Marius becomes consul again in 87, his seventh consulship in a lifetime Like Sulla, eliminates all opposition, solidifies power base Marius dies in 86, leaving control to his friend Cinna Sulla Redit! Successfully restoring Roman authority to the eastern provinces in 83 B.C., Sulla returns to Rome Waiting for him is a pro-Marius government Sulla again attacks Rome, winning final victory at the battle of the Colline Gate Sulla, Dictator 1st act- gets himself declared dictator 2nd act- makes himself legally immune to prosecution for all deeds past and future 3rd act- publishes proscription lists Proscription- authorized murder of enemies. May be performed by anyone. State seizes the property of the dead person, to later be sold in special auctions Sulla, Optmatis From 81 to 79 B.C. strengthened the role of aristocrats and the authority of tradition Overhauled office of tribune Made the cursus honorum a strict progression rather than a guideline Added more quaestors and praetors Quaestors automatically became senators following year in office May have ended grain dole The Slow Fade Sulla had no public images of himself erected, no coins minted with his face (usual acts of a petty tyrant) In 79, resigned dictatorship and became a co-consul Left office completely in 78 B.C.; died that same year in Campania, his home region Effects of Sulla’s Reign Provinces of Asia bled dry, opening door for second war with Mithridates Increased resentment of aristocracy by plebeians and nonRomans Along with Marius, created precedent of military insurrection as means of effecting political change