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HISTORICAL TIMELINE 211 Timeline for Chapter 2 BC The republic 509 496 494 451/450 443 439 409 390 367 356 351 340 338 327–290 321 312 310 308 283 280–275 272 265 264 264–241 260 241 239–237 237 Establishment of the republic. First consuls. Dedication of Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. Romans defeat Latins at Lake Regillus. Traditional date for the institution of the office of tribune of the people. The Twelve Tables. First censors. The murder of Spurius Maelius. First plebeian quaestor. Gauls sack Rome, but withdraw in return for ransom. First plebeian consul elected. Creation of praetorship. First plebeian dictator. First plebeian censor. War against Latins. Latin league of states dissolved. Campania becomes Roman. Samnite wars. Disaster at Caudine Forks. Appius Claudius Caecus constructs the Via Appia and the Aqua Appia. Roman inroads into Etruria. Surrender of Umbria. Final capitulation of Etruscans. Pyrrhus leads Greek cities in south of Italy against Rome. Surrender of Tarentum and other Greek cities in south. Rome now holds all Italy south of the Arno. First show in Rome with gladiators. First Punic War. Gaius Duilius wins Rome’s first naval victory at Mylae. Western Sicily becomes first Roman province. Rome annexes Corsica and Sardinia. Hamilcar overruns southern Spain. HISTORICAL TIMELINE 227 221 219 218–202 218 217 216 211–206 202 197 191 184 167 167–160 153 149–146 146 144 133 123–122 121 112–106 107 105 102–101 100 91–88 88 212 All Sicily and Sardinia with Corsica become provinces. Hannibal assumes command of Carthaginian forces. Hannibal captures Saguntum. Second Punic War. Hannibal invades Italy Hannibal defeats Romans at Lake Trasimene. Hannibal defeats Romans at Cannae. Scipio’s campaigns in Spain. P. Cornelius Scipio (soon to be Africanus) wins the Battle of Zama. Spain annexed and divided into two provinces. Rome completes conquest of Cisalpine Gaul. Cato elected censor, having been consul in 195. End of third war against Macedonia, which is divided into four self-governing regions. Maccabaean revolt in Judaea. Roman year begins on 1 January. Third Punic War. Destruction of Carthage and Corinth. Province of Africa established. Dedication of temples to Hercules Victor by Lucius Mummius Achaicus Tiberius Gracchus is tribune of the people. Pergamum bequeathed to Rome and in 129 becomes the province of Asia. Gaius Gracchus is tribune of the people. Transalpine Gaul becomes a province. Wars against Jugurtha. First consulship of Marius. Cimbri destroy two Roman armies in Gaul. Marius defeats Teutones and Cimbri. Sixth consulship of Marius. Social War between Rome and Italian allies, who are effectively tired of fighting for Rome without being treated as Roman citizens. The allies lose the war but make their point. First consulship of Sulla, who is assigned the command against Mithridates VI, king of Pontus. Motion by P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune of the people, to appoint Marius in Sulla’s place. Sulla marches on Rome, his consular colleague is killed, and Marius is HISTORICAL TIMELINE 87 86 85 84 83 82 80 78 213 outlawed. Mithridates massacres Roman citizens in Asia. Sulla departs for the East with his army. The consul Cornelius Cinna is deposed and driven out of Rome by his consular colleague, Gnaeus Octavius. Marius and Cinna capture Rome and massacre all opposition. They are elected consuls for 86. Seventh consulship of Marius (who dies 13 January) and second of Cinna. Third consulship of Cinna and first of Papirius Carbo. Sulla agrees peace terms with Mithridates. Fourth consulship of Cinna and second of Carbo. Cinna is murdered by his soldiers while crossing to Asia to confront Sulla. Sulla lands in Italy, and is joined by Crassus and Pompey. Consuls are Gaius Marius Junior and Carbo. Sulla defeats opposition forces. Marius commits suicide. Sulla proclaimed dictator. Proscriptions. Constitutional reforms. Sulla resigns as dictator and goes into retirement. Death of Sulla. The beginning of the end of the republic. HISTORICAL TIMELINE 214 Transition 74 Bithynia and Cyrenaica become provinces. 73–71 Slave revolt of Spartacus. 70 First consulship of Pompey and Crassus. Trial of Verres by Cicero. 67 Pompey crushes the pirates. 66–63 Pompey, given exceptional powers in the east, defeats Mithridates and reorganizes the region. End of the Seleucid empire. Syria, including Judaea until 40 BC, is made a province. 63 Consulship of Cicero. Conspiracy of Catiline. Caesar is elected pontifex maximus. Birth of Caesar’s great-nephew, the future Augustus. 60 ‘First Triumvirate’ of Caesar, Crassus, Pompey.