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Rome: From Republic to Empire Mr. Clor- World History The Peoples of Italy 1. Rome was founded by the Latins who migrated into Italy the 9th Century BCE 2. They shared the area with other people including Greek colonists and the Etruscans living to the north of Rome The Etruscans 1. They ruled much of Italy including Rome itself 2. They were driven out of Italy in 509 BCE making way for Rome to step forward The Roman Republic 1. In 509 BCE The Romans found their Republic i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Republic-system of government in which officials are chosen by the people The Republic was run by the Senate The 300 member senate were all patricians (land holding members of the upper class) The Senators served for life Each year the senators elected from the patrician class two consuls It was the consuls job to supervise the government and oversee the military. Roman Checks and Balances 1. The Roman Consul could only serve one term and was also expected to consult with the senate 2. By limiting the term in office and by making the consuls responsible to the senate they created an effective set of checks on the government’s power The Dictator 1. 2. 3. In the event of war the senate could choose a dictator, or ruler who has complete control of the government and armies Each Roman dictator was granted only 6 months then he had to give up power Romans admired Cincinnatus as the model dictator. He organized an army, led them to victory over the attacking enemy and returned to his farmland in only 16 days The Plebeians 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. At the beginning of the republic the plebeians, or the farmers, merchants, and artisans held little power. They made up the bulk of the population yet they had little influence In 450BC that changed when the Roman senate had the laws of Rome inscribed on 12 tablets and set them up in the Forum, or marketplace Plebeians originally argued that they could not follow the law if they did not know the law The laws allowed the plebeians appeal laws handed down from the patrician judges In time the plebeians were granted to elect their own officials, veto laws they felt were harmful and eventually they were able to become elected to the senate Rome: Culture Thief 1. Rome took many of their cultural beliefs from the Etruscans and the Greeks 2. The Roman gods were pulled directly from the Greek gods Roman Legions 1. Rome soon became a force after conquering the Etruscans This was in large part due to its army The basic unit of the Roman army was the legion, which was made up of about 5,000 men Roman soldiers were considered citizens they received no pay and had to provide their own weapons To ensure success Roman commanders mixed rewards with harsh punishments. Soldiers who showed courage were rewarded with gifts and praise If units fled from battle they were decimated 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. i. 1 out of every 10 soldiers is chosen by lot to be executed by the remaining 9 soldiers by stoning or clubbing Conquered Lands 1. Rome was generally kind to the conquered people 2. They had to pay taxes and supply the Roman army. In return they were allowed to keep their customs, money and local government 3. To some privileged groups Rome gave full Roman citizenship while others were granted partial citizenship allowing them to marry Roman citizenship and carry on business in Rome 4. Due to this policy many lands remained loyal to Rome Protecting and Unifying the Empire 1. To protect their empire the Romans positioned their army throughout the empire 2. It also built the Via Appia, an all weather road system, that connected all parts of the empire 3. Merchants began using the roads which increased trade and the people began incorporating Latin and other Roman customs and beliefs The Punic Wars 1. After Rome conquered the peninsula they soon came into contact with Carthage a North African Empire founded by Phoenicians and North Africans 2. Between 264 BC and 146 BC Rome fought three wars with Carthage 3. These wars were called the Punic Wars from the Latin word Punicus meaning Phoenicians The First Punic War 1. During the first Punic war Rome defeated Carthage and won Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia The Second Punic War 1. 2. 3. Carthage wanted revenge for their losses and mounted an attack against Rome herself in 218 BC The Carthaginian general Hannibal led his army, including dozens of war elephants, on a march through Spain over the Pyrenees, through France and then over the Alps to attack Rome from the north The trek cost Hannibal half of his army however, Hannibal caught the Romans off guard and his victories piled up as the Romans expected to be attacked from the south 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. For the next 15 years Hannibal terrorized Italy winning victory after victory Hannibal refused to attack Rome herself allowing Rome a chance to outflank Hannibal Rome sends an army to attack the city of Carthage Hannibal rushes home to defend the city Here Hannibal loses and Carthage is forced to give up all of their territory except in Africa The Third Punic War 1. 2. 3. After the defeat of Carthage, Rome still wanted revenge for the destruction at the hands of Hannibal A influential senator, Cato, ended all of his speeches “Carthage must be destroyed” In the final war Rome razed Carthage to the ground, sold all of survivors into slavery, and poured salt over the earth so that nothing would ever grow there again Conquests 1. The Romans began a policy of imperialism i. 2. 3. 4. 5. Imperialism- establishing control over foreign land and people They conquered the Hellenistic rulers who had divided up Alexander’s empire Soon Greece, Macedonia, and Asia Minor were conquered by the Romans Some places like Egypt allied with Rome Soon the empire stretched from Spain to the Persian Gulf Paying for the Empire 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The expansion of the empire helped pay for the empire Meanwhile the conquered people were sold into slavery and became a new workforce to help build the empire The use of slave labor on farms drove down the price of grain Farmers then flocked to cities especially Rome and became a permanent unemployed class who were unruly Meanwhile the upper-class were mired in corruption Decline of the Republic 1. With the corruption of the wealthy senators factions emerged 2. The armies became professional and their loyalty was to their commanders 3. The armies became a tool of their commanders for political power Gaius Julius Caesar 1. Of the generals emerged Julius Caesar 2. For a time Caesar was allied with Pompey another general 3. Caesar returned to Italy after a 9 year campaign against Gaul (France) 4. 5. 6. Fearful of Caesar’s rising fame, Pompey convinced the senate to demand Caesar disband his army and return to Rome Caesar defies the order and marches his army across the Rubicon River into northern Italy and marched on Rome Caesar crushes Pompey and his supporters, he then has the senate name him dictator and his now the absolute ruler of Rome Caesar’s Reforms 1. Between 48 BC and 44 BC Caesar pushed through many reforms 2. He launched a public works program to employ the jobless underclass 3. He also introduces the Julian Calendar which lasts for 1,600 years Et Tu Brute 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Caesar’s enemies worried that he planned to make himself king of Rome In order to save the Republic, Caesar’s enemies plotted to assassinate him In 44BC as he is arriving at the senate his enemies stabbed him to death including his close friend Brutus His death plunged Rome back into civil war In 31BC Caesar’s greatnephew Octavian defeated Mark Anthony after the two had hunted down the murders Roman Emperors 1. The senate named Octavian “first citizen” but is essentially an absolute ruler 2. However, whenever a emperor died there was no direct successor as Rome was weary of a direct line from father to son 3. The death of a senator often brought violence and intrigue Crazy Emperors 1. Caligula- named his horse as consul of the empire 2. Nero- set Rome on fire and blamed it on the Christians Good Emperors 1. Hadrian- codified Roman law making it the same for all provinces, he also built a wall in Britain putting his idle soldiers to work 2. Marcus Aurelius- was a philosopher-king who promoted Stoic philosophy Pax Romana 1. The three hundred years from Augustus (Octavian) to Marcus Aurelis was called Pax Romana or the Roman peace 2. This period had the Roman Empire stretch from Britain to Spain to the Persian gulf Bread & Circuses 1. The emperors paid for gladiator contests, chariot races, and other spectacles to pacify the population (The Circuses) 2. Also, food was given to the people to keep them happy (The Bread) 3. This was they way to keep the people in line during this period. However, this system would not last