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Ancient Rome TCAP Review Week 3 Geography Of Ancient Rome Rome is located • On the Tiber River • In the country of Italy • On the continent of Europe • The “Boot” of Italy sticks out into the Mediterranean Sea = great for trade • Located right in the middle of the Italian Peninsula = trade and communication • Built along the Tiber River 15 miles from sea and surrounded by 7 hills Two Mountain Ranges • The Alps Mountains, Europe’s highest mountains, separated the Italian peninsula from the rest of the continent. • The Apennine Mountains run north to south along the length of the Italian peninsula Climate - mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. • Made it possible for the region to develop a strong agricultural base. Tiber River • Aided the growing agricultural system • provided a reliable source of fresh water used for irrigating their farms • provided drinking water for humans and animals • unlike many other civilizations, Rome did not develop in the river’s delta Religion Of Ancient Rome • Polytheistic - Adopted Greek gods • Later Christianity – Jesus - Crucified The Romans were very superstitious. They believed that good or bad luck was given by the gods – if the gods were happy then you would have good luck but if they were unhappy then your luck would be bad. There were many different gods and each of them looked after different things Jupiter was the god of the sky and the most important god. Neptune was the god of the sea. Mars was the god or war. • The Romans worshipped their gods in a temple. • They made sacrifices of animals and precious items to their gods. • They believed that when an Emperor died he became a god and so a sacrifice was also made to the Emperor. Roman Christianity The origins and early spread of Christianity took place in the Roman Empire. It was based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. Spread during the PAX Romana. Despite persecution of the early Christians, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Emperor Constantine is credited with converting the Roman Empire to Christianity. Achievements Of Ancient Rome • Romans were the 1st to institute: • innocent until proved guilty when accused of crime. • Evidence needed to be “clearer than daylight” • Architecture: Arches, domes, and vaults Pantheon, Colosseum, Circus Maximus and Forum • Technology: Roads, Aqueducts, Arches, Domes • Literature: • Legend says that Rome was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus, sons of Mars - god of war. • Virgil’s Aeneid : epic – tells the story of the founding of Rome. He expresses the values that he believed should guide Rome. • Roman Poet – Horace wrote satires and odes. Satires poked fun at human weaknesses. Odes express strong emotions about life. • • • • • • Republican model of government (elected senate) Civil Law Code (Justinian Code) Institution of the Christian Church History: Tacitus and Livy – wrote about Roman history Law: 12 Tables, Innocent until Proven Guilty Mosaics – patterns or pictures made from small pieces of colored glass or stone. Popular in the Byzantine Empire. Politics Of Ancient Rome • Plebeians: the group of common people or peasants in Rome who were calling for changing the government where they had more of a say in how the city was run. • Patricians: Roman nobles who ran the government. Only they could be elected to office, so they held all political power. • Magistrates: Elected government officials. • Consuls: The title of the two most powerful magistrates. Made up of three parts 1. Magistrates 2. Senate 3. Assembly • The two highest magistrates were called Consuls • The most powerful political position in Rome. • The consuls issued laws and led the army. • In order to prevent one person from becoming too powerful, each consul could veto the decisions of the other. • Additionally, consuls, like the other magistrates, only served for one year. • was made up of 300 men, who at first were only selected from the patrician class • Senators were elected and held their offices for life • First the Senate’s only job was to advise the consuls, but over time, it gained power. • eventually becoming the most important part of the government and making decisions about laws, foreign policy, and finance. • Protected the rights of the plebeians. The plebeians had an assembly, or lawmaking body, of their own called the Council of the Plebs. • This assembly could elect ten officials, called tribunes. • The tribunes had the power to veto the actions of the consuls or the Senate. • The veto power meant that this group of tribunes had the ability to limit what the Senate and the consuls could do, which made them very powerful. • leaders are elected by the people to serve in government and represent the views of the entire society. • Rome, unlike in Athens, not everyone’s views were represented. However, the idea of elected officials serving the interests of the entire society was an important innovation in political thought. • no one person, group, or branch of government has all the power. • This idea was central to the creation of the United States government. • The United States government is separated into three branches—the legislative, executive, and judicial branches—each with their own powers and responsibilities. Dictator – a person granted absolute power Cincinnatus: • Rome’s most famous dictator • Left his farm in 460 B.C. and took over the Roman army to defeat enemy forces • Even though he could have kept power, he returned to the life of a farmer. • Widely admired for fulfilling his civic duty The Twelve Tables • Rome’s first Code of Laws • All free citizens – patrician and plebeian alike – had the right to be treated equally • Carved on 12 bronze tablets placed in Rome’s market place, called a Forum. • Rome fought Carthage during the 200’s B.C. in three different wars called the “Punic Wars” – Rome wins! • These victories greatly expanded their empire and gave them important trading cities such as Sicily and Carthage = $$$ • Rome’s domination of the Mediterranean Sea has begun!! • Marius – general that believed that he could solve Rome’s economic problems • Formed an army of professional soldiers • Sulla – opposed Marius, named himself dictator. • Hoped that his reforms would restore the Roman Republic, instead, Rome plunged into conflict In 60 B.C. Three men ruled the Roman Republic • Crassus – a general and one of Rome’s wealthiest men • Pompey and Caesar – both rich and known for their military accomplishments First Triumvirate A political group of three people who share equal power. Crassus, Pompey, Caesar • Crassus – led in Syria • Pompey – led in Spain • Caesar – led in Gaul • 44 B.C. – Caesar took over the Roman Government and declared himself dictator for life. •“Ides of March” – March 15, 44 B.C. – Caesar assassinated by the Senators •After Caesar’s death, civil war broke out. •Octavian – “Caesar Augustus” -Rome’s First Emperor • Pax Romana – “Roman Peace” • Began under Emperor Augustus • Rome reached the height of power • 200 years of Peace and Prosperity • Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East. • Augustus named an official called proconsul, or governor, to oversee each of Rome's provinces Second Triumvirate • Octavian – Caesar’s grandnephew – 18 years old • Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus – two of Caesar’s top generals • Did not last long – Octavian and Antony became Rivals •Battle of Actium – Octavian and Antony’s navies clash off the Greece’s coast •Defeated Antony and Cleopatra (killed themselves) Economics Of Ancient Rome •Agriculture – Farming •Industry – Potters, weavers, and jewelers •Artisans – glass, bronze, and brass. Exported throughout the Mediterranean region. •Trade flourished – Roman system of money was used within the empire. •Used standard system of weights and measurements • Roads – allowed Romans to communicate and move armies and goods easily. • Navy – eliminated piracy – goods could be shipped safely • Traders sold luxury goods to wealthy Romans • Romans imported raw materials, such as British tin and Spanish silver and lead. • Trade made many people wealthy. Social Structure Of Ancient Rome Family: basic unit of society • Male head of household (usually father) had absolute power • Enforced discipline • Demanded respect Women: played larger role than Greek women • Could run businesses, attend baths, theater and public entertainment – supported arts and public festivals • Most worked at home, however! Education: • Girls and boys learned to read and write • Wealthy Romans hired private tutors (from Greece) to supervise education of children Everyday People: • Plebeians: Ordinary working citizens • Patricians: Wealthy land owning families • Women- Were expected to run the house. Girls had very little schooling • Children: Went to school from dawn to dusk. School was for the privileged, few attended and most could not read or write. • Gladiator – a person who fought people or animals for public entertainment. • Slaves – worked in homes and harvested crops, mined ore, helped build roads, bridges, and aqueducts.