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Worksheets • Students are to read Pages 163 to 178 in their Echoes textbook and complete the handout of Definitions, Identify and Q&A • Worksheet on Roman Vocabulary Geography Of Ancient Rome • Intro Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lij59497MBs Italian Peninsula 100 Miles Wide 700 Miles Long It looks like a highheeled boot with the toe aimed at Sicily. Po Valleylow land between the Alps and the Apennines Tyrrhenian Sea Adriatic Sea Apennines Rangeruns from the north to the south of Italy Mediterranean Sea was the ancient world’s highway for trade, communications and invasion Geography • How did the geography aid the growth of Rome? – Mild Climate – Fertile Soil – Water for agriculture – Assess to the Mediterranean on Tiber River – 7 Hills afforded protection from attack Romulus & Remus: Legendary twin brothers who founded Rome • Video Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA1D9wd29jI The Etruscans Video Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7H2wqYFRh34 The Land of the Etruscans The Etruscans • Nearly 3000 years ago, a tribe of people called the Latins (People from central Europe who migrated to Italy)lived in a small village on the Tiber River. This village grew to become the famous city of Rome. • Around 900 BCE, a mysterious group of people arrived on the Italian peninsula. Nobody knows where they come from, but archaeologists believe they probably arrived from Asia Minor. These were the Etruscans. • The Etruscans must have known the Greeks. Their alphabet was based on the Greek alphabet. Their gods looked like humans, just like the Greek gods. But the Etruscans were not Greeks. From the artifacts they left behind, scientists are fairly certain that in the Etruscan culture, women and men were fairly equal in status. That was certainly not the Greek way of life. The Etruscans • The Etruscans organized into city-states, each ruled by a king. The city-states worked together in a league - the Etruscan League. The league traded with people in the east and African coastline. Their trade routes included the tiny village on the Tiber River. Even in very early times, Rome was a busy place. The early Romans (the Latins) learned a great deal from the Etruscan traders. • While the Etruscans were building their own civilization, the city of Rome grew more powerful. Soon, Rome was a center of trade and commerce. Some of Rome's early kings were Etruscans. The Etruscans • Why were the Etruscans important in the history of Rome? – They contributed many gifts in the areas of architecture, engineering, metal working & farming. – They taught the Romans how to do the following: • • • • • • • Construct buildings with arches Build aqueducts to carry water Make better weapons The art of warfare To drain marshes for expansion Grow grapes for wine-making Grow olive trees for olive oil Etruscan Writing Tablet Etruscan Cemetery Etruscan Funeral & Tomb Etruscan Tomb Wall & Tomb Fresco THE AFTERLIFE http://www.italyfarmhousesrental.com/etruscan/cerveteri.htm http://www.maghar.hu/etruszk/kep/CerveteriBanditacchiaKurg%E1n.jpg Interior of an Etruscan Tomb Sarcophagus of an Etruscan Couple Etruscans • They ruled Rome and all of Italy with Kings (monarchy) • These rulers came from a family called Tarquin • There were rivalries within the family • 509 B.C.E. Tarquin the Proud murdered the king and declared himself tyrant. • Tarquin the Proud was overthrown by the Romans, who set up a Republic. Brainpop: Roman Republic The Republic • Republic = Form of government in which elected representatives of the people govern. • Under the Republic, two (2) elected consuls shared the head of government. Consuls were members of the Senate, who had been elected to serve for a one year term in the position of Consul, the highest position in government under the Republic. The consuls most important power was that they controlled the army. They had Imperium power. Each consul had the power to veto (means I forbid) the other, therefore, they both had to agree before acting. In times of crisis, the senate replaced the consuls with a dictator for 6 months. The dictator could make decisions, but could not change laws. • Consul = Roman official & lawmaker chosen from the patrician class • Imperium = Supreme Authority in ancient Rome • Veto = Power to stop an act of government officials • A dictator = Ruler with absolute power The Republic • Roman Legislature: – Senate – Assembly of Centuries – Assembly of Tribes The Republic • The Senate was composed of leaders from the patricians, the noble and wealthy families of ancient Rome. They were the law makers. They controlled spending. Members of the Senate were not elected. They were chosen by the Consuls. Once chosen, they served for life. There were 300 seats in the Senate. When a seat opened, a new Senator was selected by the current Consuls. • Patricians = The patricians were the upper class, the nobility and wealthy land owners. The Republic • The Assembly was composed of all the plebeian citizens of Rome, the common man. The Assembly did not have a building. It was the right of the common man to assemble in the Forum and vote. • Plebeians = The plebeians were the lower class. They were the common people that included everyone in ancient Rome (except for the nobility, the patricians) from well-to-do tradesmen all the way down to the very poor. • Forum = Religious & Government center of Rome The Republic • Assembly of Centuries – Made up of patricians – Directed military matters • Assembly of Tribes – Composed of Plebeians who represented the 35 tribes into which Rome was divided. – Tribunes = Roman officials in the Assembly of Tribes, elected by Plebeians. 10 Tribunes a year. They could veto any act or measure of the Senate, the assemblies or government officials The Republic • In the beginning, the Assembly had very limited power. They could vote for or suggest laws, but the Senate could block their decisions. • The Assembly could vote to declare war, but again, the Senate could override them. • However, the Assembly had one power that was very impressive - it was the Assembly who voted each year on which two members of the Senate would serve as Consuls. • As a noble, if you wanted to rise to the level of Consul, the highest position in government under the Republic, you needed to gain the support of the plebeian class. • Since it was the Consuls who filled empty seats in the Senate, if the Assembly chose their Consuls well, they could slowly gain power in government by putting people in charge who were sympathetic to their needs. The Republic • Members of the Assembly became quite powerful in government in their own right. • Some tradesmen were very wealthy. There is an old expression - money talks - which means the rich seem to be heard more easily than the poor. • In ancient Rome, certainly money talked, but so did those who had the power of speech. The Romans loved a great orator. • When the Assembly met, down at the Forum, many speeches were going on at the same time. One speaker might say, "Rome's roads need repair!" Another speaker might say, "We need to stop crime in the streets." • If you wanted your speech to have an impact, it did not matter how rich or poor you were. What mattered was how persuasive you were as a speaker. • Praetors = Judges that interpreted the law. • Censors = counted the people and determined the taxes The 12 Tables Set of laws carved in bronze and placed in the Forum. • Although many things changed, and much improved, women, children, and slaves were still not citizens of Rome. They had no voice in government. Only adult free Roman men were citizens. • But, things did improve under the Republic. About 50 years after the Roman Republic was formed, the leaders of the Republic wrote down many of the old laws, to make sure everyone understood them. History refers to this group of laws as "The Twelve Tables" because the written laws were organized into 12 sections. • These laws talked about property, crime, family, theft, marriage and inheritance. It does not really matter what they said, although the laws did try to be fair. What matters is that these laws were written down. They were engraved on tablets of metal and put on display at the Forum in the city of Rome, so that everyone could see them. • Each law applied to every Roman citizen, be he rich or poor. That was a huge change for the better! • The major legal divisions were civil law and criminal law. Some laws in the 12 Tables • If you are called to go to court, you must go. If you don’t show up, you can be taken to court by force. • If you need a witness to testify and he will not show up, you can go once every three days and shout in front of his house. • Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bend crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree. • If it's your tree, it’s your fruit, even if it falls on another man’s land. • A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock. • No person shall hold meetings by night in the city. • A dead man shall not be buried or burned within the city. • Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians. (As time went on, this law was changed. When the tables were first written, this was the law.) The Forum • The Forum was the main marketplace and business center, where the ancient Romans went to do their banking, trading, shopping, and marketing. It was also a place for public speaking. • The ancient Romans were great orators. The job of their orators was not to argue, but to argue persuasively! • The Forum was also used for festivals and religious ceremonies. • There were many thousands of Roman gods., • Temples: • Household Gods: • New Gods:Greek Gods Renamed!! Gods & Goddesses • Apollo = god of the sun, light and music • Ceres = was the goddess of Harvest • Cupid = was the god of love. He had a bow and arrow to shoot people and make them fall in love. • Minerva = was the goddess of wisdom. • Pluto = was lord of the dead • Bacchus = was the god of wine, life, hospitality, and wild things • Janus = The two headed god, with one face looking at the future and the other looking at the historical past Gods & Goddesses • Jupiter = was the most powerful of the gods. Should he have to bring order, he would hurl a thunderbolt • Neptune = the lord of the sea, was the brother of Jupiter • Mars = was the god of war • Venus = was the goddess of love and beauty • Juno = Was Jupiter’s wife and the goddess of marriage, children, and the home • Mercury = the messenger of the gods Growth • A province was a geographic area outside of Italy, ruled by Rome. Provinces were countries or regions that Rome had conquered. • Rome had many provinces. Each was valuable to Rome. Rome's provinces provided manpower, taxes, food and other resources. They also acted as a barrier between Rome and lands controlled by barbarians. • The provinces were connected to Rome by a series of Roman roads. All roads led to Rome. Roads • "All roads lead to Rome." • Milestones how far it was back to Rome. Growth • Faced Danger: – The Gauls (now France & Belgium) crossed the Alps – Brenner Pass is named after their leader and it is one of the most important links between Italy & the rest of Europe. • Sicily: – Became Rome’s breadbasket as it supplied thousands of tons of grain The Punic Wars Video Clip: Hannibal • War elephants http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gbPIyCu GTA&NR=1&feature=fvwp Hannibal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMpZi9OdszQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmlOvV6Aqzk&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXaubv34xJQ&feature=related Punic Wars • First Punic War • Carthage controlled three islands off the coast of Italy. • Rome decided that Carthage needed to join the Republic. • Carthage disagreed. • Carthage and Rome fought for 20 years. This was the first Punic War. Nobody won. Carthage lost two of the islands. • Carthage went on to fight in Spain instead, and make up the land they had lost there. • Legend of Hannibal, ‘military genius’ begins. Hannibal • While fighting in Spain, Hannibal learned to be a strong leader. • Tricks with snacks. • Replace father at 27 years of age • Conquered all of Spain The Second Punic War • Rome declared war on Carthage, Hannibal’s hometown and the center of the Carthage Empire. • That was fine with Hannibal. He had never forgotten the promise he had made to his father. He had orders from Carthage to fight Rome. He needed to take Rome by surprise. He decided to attack Rome from the north. • Hannibal’s plan was to march 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants from Spain, through Gaul, over the Alps, into Italy, and then take Rome by force. The Second Punic War • His plan did not work as expected. • Hannibal came up with a new plan. Instead of marching on Rome, he drove Rome crazy by attacking smaller outposts and stealing food and weapons, food intended for Rome. Hannibal and his men stayed on the Italian peninsula for 15 years, causing trouble where he could. The Second Punic War Battle at Zama • In 203 BCE, Rome had had it with Hannibal. They couldn’t catch him, so they attacked Carthage instead. Carthage, in a panic, called Hannibal home. Before Hannibal could arrive, Carthage had agreed to peace terms with Rome. • Terms: – Carthage would leave Spain, Gaul, and Italy – Carthage would reduce their navy to 20 warships – Carthage had to pay 5000 talents (the money of the time) in war damages • Once Hannibal arrived home, the leaders in Carthage changed their minds. They decided not to honor their peace terms. Rome was furious. They sent an army to Carthage. Hannibal’s army lost, but Hannibal managed to get away. If possible, Rome was even more furious. Carthage had not kept their promise. Again. Rome still did not have their hands on Hannibal. The Second Punic War • This time, the peace terms were more severe. Terms: – Carthage would leave Spain, Gaul, and Italy – Carthage would reduce their navy to 10 warships – Carthage had to pay 10000 talents (the money of the time) in war damages, in 50 equal annual payments, over the next 50 years. • Carthage called it quits. They left Spain. They left Gaul. They left Italy. They reduced their navy. They paid the talents they owed each year, promptly. The 2nd Punic War was finally over. Rome completely destroyed Carthage and sold the people into slavery. Carthage became a Roman province. • That did not stop Hannibal, though. Hannibal spent the rest of his life fighting the growing power of ancient Rome. The Romans never stopped looking for him. In spite of all their best efforts, the Romans did not catch up with Hannibal until he was 64 years old! Even then, they didn’t get him. He chose to die by swallowing the poison he kept in his ring. • Hannibal still ranks as one of the most magnificent military minds in history and one of the world’s greatest generals. The Punic Wars • What Role did the Punic Wars play in the history of the Republic? – Gave Rome control of the Western Mediterranean, including Spain – Opened the way for Roman conquest of the Eastern Mediterranean Eastern Expansion and its Consequences • Rome attacked Cornith in 146 B.C.E and plundered the city. – When they took the wealth and treasures of this city, they began a love of luxury in their own city. • Rome established colonies where there was no existing population. After the construction of the first paved road, The Appian Way, colonies were planted throughout the Italian peninsula. The Gracchus Brothers • Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus were patrician brothers who supported land redistribution • Tiberius believed that Rome’s basic problem was the condition of its farmers and landless plebeians, including soldiers. • He tried to persuade the Senate to give land to the landless, but the Senate had him put to death. • Gaius took up his brother’s cause, but ended up killing himself because of the Senate. • Video Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJd3nHRBh4&feature=related Citizenship in Italy • A full Roman citizen was protected in Roman civil law • A child born to a Roman citizen was also a Roman citizen if the father had the legal right to marry the mother • They enjoyed favourable tax status and were exempted from paying tribute to Italy • Any slave freed by a Roman citizen was himself automatically a Roman citizen.