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Vocabulary • • • • • • • • Republic Patrician Consul Dictator Plebeian Tribune Veto Legion • • • • • • • • Imperialism Latifundia Mosaic Aqueduct Messiah Apostle Bishop Patriarch CHAPTER 6 Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity (509 B.C.–A.D.476) 37 *Two geographic factors played a major role in the growth of Rome Central location Lack of geographic barrier Etruscans In 509 B.C. the Romans drove out their Etruscan king • *Set up a republic (thing of the people) • 300 member Patrician Senate • Senate elected two Consuls as the executive branch • In event of war a dictator was elected and granted power for six months In 450B.C. Plebeians demanded more power • *Laws of the Twelve Tables – The earliest code of Roman law • Could elect their own officials called Tribunes. – plebeian tribunate – *Had the power of veto (Lat. "I forbid") over elections, laws, decrees of the senate • A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed. • females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority. • A man might gather up fruit that was falling down onto another man's farm. • If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain. • Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians War and rivalry with Carthage 264 B.C. to 146 B.C. Punic Wars • *General Hannibal – Led Carthaginian army over the Alps – Fought Rome for 15 years before being called back to Carthage – Took poison – Carthage destroyed and survivors sold in slavery By 133 B.C. Roman territory extended from Spain to Egypt *Called the Mediterranean Mare Nostrum meaning (“Our Sea”) Summary Summarize your notes using at least four sentences From Republic to Empire *Social Effects of Expansion • New class of wealthy Romans – Bought huge estates and used slaves to work them • Forcing small farmers bankrupt – Angry mobs rioted A Roman could tell how important or wealthy a person was from their toga Julius Caesar 100 - 44 B.C. Forced the Senate to make him dictator • * Reforms Rome • Public works • Gave land to the poor Ides of March 15th 44B.C. • Gave Roman citizenship more people Caesar stabbed to death of the steps of the Senate • Introduced the Julian calendar Rome again in civil war The end of the Republic MARCUS ANTONIUS 83-31 BC Caesar’s chief general Cleopatra B.C. 69-30 The Last Pharaoh Gaius Octavius 63 B.C. - 14 C.E. Caesar’s grandnephew Augustus Caesar “Exalted one” *Pax Romana or Roman Peace * Augustus Contributions •Created a stable gov’t. • Well trained civil service. • Gov’t jobs went to those with talent . • Allowed cities and provinces a large measure of selfgovernment Pax Romana opened up trade *Extending Roman influence and culture along the growing silk road trade network Summary Summarize your notes using at least four sentences *CIRCUS MAXIMUS Racing Chariot Third of a mile long and 150 yards wide, the Circus Maximus allegedly held 250,000 people." Military Chariot *The Coliseum Tour Over 160 ft high with eighty entrances, the Coliseum could hold upwards of 50,000 spectators. Public events such as gladiator fights, mock naval battles and wild animal hunts were held at the Coliseum. During the staged fights as many as 10,000 people were killed. Fighters were slaves, prisoners or volunteers. Spectators saw persecuted Christians killed by lions. After 404 AD gladiatorial battles were no longer held, but animals such as lions, elephants, snakes and panthers continued to be massacred in the name of sport until the 6th century. *Greco-Roman civilization A blend Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman achievements Aqueducts and Roads Many used after Rome fell and some even today Science *Ptolemy proposed the earth centered universe which lasted for 1400 years *It was Galen who first introduced the notion of experimentation to medicine. On the Natural Faculties remained the authority on medicine until the sixteenth century Rome’s greatest legacy “The rule of law” A principle that continues to shape western civilization today *Common principles • Equal before the law • Presumed innocent • Face accuser and defend • Guilt through evidence • Fair decisions Summary Summarize your notes using at least four sentences The Rise of Christianity Romans conquered Palestine in 63 BC *Jews were tolerated and excused from worshiping roman gods Jews absorbed Greek influence creating rifts in the religion Jesus, the founder of Christianity Called himself the Son of God Said his mission was to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who would believe in him. Our history comes from the Gospels. • Written by four of his followers Was Jesus Dangerous? *Jewish priests considered Jesus dangerous to their leadership They became jealous of the great crowds that followed Him and believed in Him, and finally decided to get rid of Him by having Him killed. *Romans considered Jesus a revolutionary He was tried and crucified Spread of Christianity Jesus talked to his disciples telling them to spread his word Those who spread his message are know as Apostles Greek ideas from Paul from Asia Minor Plato and the Stoics *Christians were persecuted moderated the Christian church and became Martyrs which many Romans liked Christianity the official of the Roman Empire *After the empire fell, The Church preserved, adapted and spread Greco-Roman civilization Theodosius the Great 346-395 Reforming emperors tried to reverse the decline *Diocletian in 284 • Divided the empire into two parts • Fixed prices *Constantine in 312 • Granted toleration to Christians • Built a new capital in Constantinople Foreign Invasions *Christian Romans saw the Huns as the very Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Pushed the Germans (Visigoth) into Roman territory In 410 the Visigoth *Internal problems combine general Alaric with foreign invasion to bring plundered Rome about the “fall” of Rome *Causes for Rome’s downfall • Military causes – German invasions – Lack of discipline among the empire’s soldiers • Political causes – Authoritarian and corrupt government – Division of the empire • Economic causes – – – – Heavy taxation Diminishing wealth Reliance on slave labor Population decline • Social causes – A decline in moral values – A devotion to luxury and self-interest among the upper classes – A loss of self-reliance among the masses Summarize your notes Civilizations of The Americas