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Ancient Rome Part one Hypothetical reconstruction of Roman Forum in Imperial times. Watercolor (18th century), Giuseppe Becchetti The Roman Republic • Colonized by Greece between 750 and 500BCE – Brought olive trees – Brought grapes – Brought the alphabet • • • Greeks used Italy as a trade center Farm land was better then Greece Isolated from north by the Alps Early Peoples of Italy • • Neolithic period Slash and burn farmers 2000 to 1000 BCE Indo-Europeans arrived – Umbrian's in north – Latin's in central plain – Oscan in south Etruscan period • • 900-500 BCE ruled north Art was expressive – – – – – – Wall paintings Sculpture Wealthy overlords Aristocratic priests Slave labor Overthrown by Latin's • Rise of Rome Legend – Romulus and Remus • • • Twins Raised by wolves Romulus kills his brother in a fit of rage while building Rome – 700-800 BCE villages joined forces and became a city Rome under the Etruscans • 600 BCE taken and ruled by the Tarquin family – – – – – – Kings Taught Latin's to build with brick and tile Drained the marsh lands Laid out the city in a square Center called the Forum Elevated Rome to wealthiest city in Italy Etruscans in Rome II • Tarquin the Proud 534 BCE – – – • Harsh Mistreated the people Romans revolted Social order – – – – – Nobles called patricians After revolt established a Republic with elected leaders Most Plebeians – all non nobles could not hold office Citizens could vote Pay taxes and serve in military The Roman Republic (509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) STRUGGLE FOR POWER: CLASS CONFLICT • • Patricians- wealthy landowners who held most of the power: inherited power and social status Plebeians- (Plebs) common farmers, artisans and merchants who made up the majority of the population: can vote, but can’t rule – Tribunes- elected representatives who protect plebeians’ political rights. • • • • Plebeians Went on strike for power 494BCE Refused to serve in army Left city to set up their own republic Loss of military and work force brought change – Tribunes • • • – Elected representatives of plebeians Given veto power Could not be arrested Assembly of Tribes • Elected Tribunes Plebeian power • • Cause law to be written down 12 Tables 451 BCE – Basis of all future Roman law – 287 Assembly of Tribes given power to make law The Roman Republic A “Balanced” Government • Rome elects two consuls– one to lead army, one to direct government • Senate- chosen from patricians (Roman upper class), make foreign and domestic policy • Popular assemblies elect tribunes, make laws for plebeians (commoners) • Dictators- leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis (appt. by consuls and senate) Religion • • Nature worship Adopted Greek gods and goddesses – – – – – Zeus – Jupiter Ares- Mars Aphrodite-Venus Hades-Pluto Poseidon-Neptune Family • Basic social unit – – – • All unmarried children Sons and families Slaves Patriarchal-father head of the family – – – – Conducted religious ceremonies Controlled property Supervises education of sons Power to sell or kill family members Family II • Women – – – – – • Few legal rights More freedom than Greek Hostesses for parties Shopped and ran household Could own property Children – – Firmly disciplined Reading, writing and morals The Roman Army • All citizens were required to serve • Army was powerful: – • Organization & fighting skill Legion- military unit of 5,000 infantry (foot soldiers) supported by cavalry (horseback) The Roman Army • • • To ensure success, Roman commanders mixed rewards with harsh punishment Young soldiers who showed courage in action won praise and gifts If a unit fled from battle, however, 1 out of every 10 men from that unit was put to death Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.) • Three Wars between Rome and Carthage War with Carthage(Punici) • • • Trade war Who was to control Mediterranean The first Punic War – – Carthage had taken Sicily 264 tried to take Messina • • – – – passage between Italy and Sicily Rome stopped War Romans took Sicily Carthage superior in navy but Romans built larger fleet 1st Punic War • • Rome gains control of Sicily & western Mediterranean Sea. War lasted 23 years 2nd Punic War • • The Carthaginians sought revenge in the Second Punic War 29-year-old Carthaginian General Hannibal’s “surprise” attack through Spain & France – 60,000 soldiers and 60 elephants – Romans experience severe losses, but eventually ward off attacks & invade North Africa 2nd Punic War • The Carthaginians failed to capture Rome itself In the end, the Romans outflanked Hannibal by sending an army to attack Carthage The Roman General was named Scipio Africanus • • – • • Best known for defeating Hannibal Hannibal returned to defend his homeland, where the Romans defeated him at last Carthage gave up all its lands except those in Africa 3rd Punic War • • • • • • Even though Carthage gave up most of its land, many Romans still saw Carthage as a rival and wanted revenge for the terrible destruction that Hannibal’s army had brought to Italy A popular saying was, “Carthage must be destroyed”. Finally, in the Third Punic War, Rome completely destroyed Carthage Survivors were killed or sold into slavery The Romans even poured salt over the earth so that nothing would grow in the city of Carthage again The Romans were now the masters of the Western Mediterranean