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Thinking About Psychology:
The Science of Mind and
Behavior 2e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker
Randal M. Ernst
Variations in Individual and
Group Behavior Domain
Psychological Disorders
Chapter
Module 30
Anxiety and Mood
Disorders
“The Two Most Common
Categories of
Psychological Disorders”
Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
“Psychology Student’s Disorder”
You WILL see yourself in some of
these disorders…that’s normal
Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety: Vague feeling of
apprehension or
nervousness
• Anxiety disorder: where
anxiety begins to take
control and dominate a
person’s life
Types of Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety disorders are divided into:
– Generalized Anxiety Disorder (disruptive levels of
persistent, unexplained feelings of apprehension &
tenseness)
– Panic Disorder (sudden bouts of intense, unexplained
panic)
– Phobia (disruptive, irrational fear of objects or situations)
– Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (unwanted, repetitive
thoughts & actions)
– Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (reliving a severely
upsetting event in unwanted, recurring memories &
dreams)
Anxiety Disorders
Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders:
Generalized Anxiety
Disorder and Panic
Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• An anxiety disorder characterized by
disruptive levels of persistent, unexplained
feelings of apprehension and tenseness
– Until pharmaceutical companies began a hardsell TV ad campaign for drugs to combat it,
many people had never heard of it.
– Most of us have the symptoms they identify
– Effexor and Paxil, Prozac and Zolof are all used
to treat GAD and major depression; also social
phobia & panic disorder
Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety
• Must have at least three of the following:
– Restlessness
– Feeling on edge
– Difficulty concentrating/mind going
blank
– Irritability
– Muscle Tension
– Sleep Disturbance
Panic Disorder
• An anxiety disorder characterized by sudden
bouts of intense, unexplained anxiety
• Often associated with physical symptoms like
choking sensations or shortness of breath
• Panic attacks may happen several times a day
• People who have GAD often have panic
attacks
Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders:
Phobia
Phobia
• An anxiety disorder characterized by
disruptive, irrational fears of specific objects
or situations
• The fear must be both irrational and
disruptive.
– They are considered anxiety disorders because
they focus general feelings of anxiety onto a fear
object or situation.
– Names are formed by combining the Greek word
for the object with phobia (which is the Greek
word for fear).
Social Phobia
• Phobias which produce fear in social
situations
• Fear of speaking in public
Agoraphobia
• Fear of situations the person views as
difficult to escape from
• Fear of leaving one’s home or room in
the house
Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders:
ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• An anxiety disorder characterized by
unwanted, repetitive thoughts and
actions
• Obsessions – repetitive thoughts
• Compulsions – repetitive actions
• The obsessions/compulsions begin to
take control of the person’s life.
Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders:
Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• An anxiety disorder characterized by reliving
a severely upsetting event in unwanted
recurring memories (flashbacks) and dreams
– Military, rape victims abused children, rescue
workers.
– Intense stress is the trigger; symptoms are
nightmares, persistent fears, difficulty relating
normally with others, troubling memories &
flashbacks
Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders
Anxiety Disorders:
Causes of Anxiety
Disorders
Biological Factors
• Hereditary factors may result in a predisposition for
developing anxiety disorders (fearful parents are
likely to have fearful children, though the fear,
itself, can be different). Twin studies.
• Brain functions appear to be different in an anxiety
disorder patient *more activity in the frontal lobe
• Evolutionary factors may lead to anxiety disorders *
dangerous animals, heights, storms and threats –
people who didn’t have a healthy dose of fear didn’t
survive!
The Brain and OCD
Learning Factors
• Through classical conditioning people may
associate fear with an object (Little Albert, infant
who learned to fear white rats (and all soft animals),
paired the rat with a loud noise)).
• Observational learning--watching another
experiencing fearfulness--may result in developing
fear (parent is afraid of thunder and reacts, the child
may develop the same fear).
• Fear of an object may be reinforced when by
avoiding the feared objects (afraid of heights? Can
reduce the fear by avoiding heights, so will avoid
heights in the future).
The Mind
• Watch “The Mind” – Mood Disorders:
Hereditary Factors
• Complete “The Fear Survey”
– What would life be like without fear? Can you
come up with some scenarios where fear is
detrimental and useful to daily life? If fear
weren’t an issue, how would those situations
be different?
Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders
• Classification of disorders where there
is a disturbance in the person’s emotions
• Major types of mood disorders include:
– Major Depressive Disorder
– Bipolar Disorder
Mood Disorders
Mania
• Period of abnormally high emotion and
activity
– When I start going into a high, I no longer feel like an
ordinary housewife. Instead, I feel I am my most creative
self. I can write poetry easily. I can compose melodies
without effort. I see myself as being able to accomplish a
great deal for my family & others. I feel pleasure, a sense
of euphoria or elation. I want it to last forever. I don’t
seem to need much sleep. I’ve lost weight and feel
healthy, and I like myself. I would like to help people
with problems similar to mine so they won’t feel hopeless
(587).
Major Depressive Disorder
• A mood disorder in which a person, for
no apparent reason, experiences at least
two weeks of
– depressed moods,
– diminished interest in activities, and
– other symptoms, such as feelings of
worthlessness
– recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders:
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
• A mood disorder in which the person
alternates between the hopelessness of
depression and the overexcited and
unreasonably optimistic state of mania
• Formerly called manic-depressive disorder
• Many times will follow a cyclical pattern
– Mark Twain, Vincent van Gogh
Coping with Loneliness
Four Main Strategies
• Social Passivity – sleeping, drinking,
overeating, and watching tv
• Social Contact – calling or visiting a friend
• Active Solitude – studying, reading,
exercising, or going to a movie
• Distractions – spending money and going
shopping.
Module 30: Anxiety and Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders:
Causes of Mood
Disorders
Biological Factors
• Mood disorders have a hereditary nature to
them
– One twin has major depressive disorder, the other
will have a 50% chance; bipolar? 70%.
• Depressed individuals tend to have depressed
brains.
– PET scans indicate less activity during
periods of depression.
Biopolar Disorder PET Scans
Heredity and Depression
• Play “Mood Disorders: Hereditary
Factors” (6:11) Segment #32 from The
Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules
(2nd edition).
Social-Cognitive Factors
• Depression may be a variation of
learned helplessness.
• Depressed individuals attribute events
using the following characteristics:
– Stable: the bad situation will last for a
long time
– Internal: they are at fault
– Global: all of life is bad
Attribution and Depression
Determination of Mood
Moods
• Mood flows from a complex interaction of
biological and social cognitive factors.
These factors influence one another and
are influenced by external events &
internal moods. Attempts to improve
mood can focus on controlling the
environment, prescribing medications to
change brain chemistry, or changing the
way the person thinks.
The End
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