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Making Vaccines 1.4.2 What makes an effective vaccine? Effective Vaccines • Have low levels of side effects or toxicity. • Protect against exposure to natural, or wild forms of the pathogen. Effective Vaccines • Should stimulate both an antibody (B-cell) response and a cell mediated (Tcell) response. • Have long term, lasting effects that produce immunological memory. Effective Vaccines • Should not require numerous doses or boosters • Are inexpensive, have a long shelf life and are easy to administer. Routes of Administration • The majority of vaccines are administered by injection – Subcutaneous – Intramuscular – Intradermal • Oral vaccines are available for only a few diseases Types of Vaccines • Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses – Even though they are harmless, they still contain recognizable antigens on their surface – Because the microbe does not multiply, larger doses and more boosters are required. Types of Vaccines • Live, attenuated (weakened) cells or viruses – Vaccines are longer-lasting and require fewer boosters – However, the disease agent could mutate back to pathogenic strain Types of Vaccines • Toxoid vaccines –A purified toxin produced by the antigen is used to elicit immune response. Types of Vaccines • Genetically engineered microbes or microbial antigens – Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate hosts. – The resultant protein product is used to provoke immune system. Types of Vaccines • DNA vaccines – These vaccines contain all or part of the pathogen DNA, which is used to “infect” a recipient’s cells. Herd Immunity • More individuals that are immune decreases the incidence of the disease and the occurrence of the pathogen. • With greater numbers immunized, it is less likely that an unimmunized person will encounter the pathogen. • Mass vaccination confers indirect protection for those who do not receive the vaccine resulting in “herd immunity”. Today • 1.4.2 #2 • Visit the NOVA website about making vaccines. • Take notes on the steps. • Answer conclusion questions 1 and 2