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Moral Monday BW • Should patients be given refunds when a vaccine doesn’t work? Vaccines Mrs. Stewart Adapted from: Project Lead The Way Making Vaccines powerpoint What is a Vaccine? – a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease Types of Immunity • Innate – Maybe she’s born with it • Acquired – Active: produced from exposure to antigens and development of antibodies – Passive: antibodies passed from one organism to another (eg: breastfeeding) • Herd - Individuals protected by immunity of the “herd” Herd Immunity • More immunity = decrease incidence of disease • With greater numbers immunized, it is less likely that an unimmunized person will encounter the pathogen. • Mass vaccination = indirect protection for those who do not/cannot receive the vaccine Effective Vaccines • Protect against exposure to wild forms of pathogen Effective Vaccines • Have low levels of side effects or toxicity. Effective Vaccines • Stimulate both types of immune responses: 1. an antibody/humoral response • B Cells release antibodies 2. a cell-mediated response • Antigen specific cytotoxic T-Cells & phagocytes Effective Vaccines • Have long term, lasting effects that produce immunological memory. • Should not require numerous doses or boosters Effective Vaccines • Are inexpensive • Have a long shelf life • Are easy to administer. Routes of Administration • The majority of vaccines are administered by injection – Subcutaneous – Intramuscular – Intradermal • Oral and Nasal Spray vaccines are available for only a few diseases Administration Routes Types of Vaccines • • • • • • Live, Attenuated Killed or Inactivated Toxoid Subunit Genetically engineered Naked DNA Live, attenuated (weakened) cells (viruses) – longest-lasting and require fewest boosters – However, the disease agent could mutate back to pathogenic strength – Usually only for viruses (harder to make this type for bacteria) – Examples: MMR, Varicella zoster Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses – Even though they are harmless, they still contain recognizable antigens on their surface – Because the microbe does not multiply, a weaker immune response is stimulated vs. live vaccines – larger doses and more boosters are required. – Example: Polio virus Toxoid vaccines – A purified toxin produced by the pathogen is changed into a toxoid and used to elicit immune response. – Example: DTaP • Diptheria, Tetanus & acellular Pertussis Subunit Vaccines • Subunit vaccines contain just the antigens of the microbe that best stimulate the immune system. • Antigens that have been separated from the rest of the microbe • Examples: Hepatitis B, Gardasil, Genetically engineered or Naked DNA Vaccine – Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate hosts. – The resultant protein product is used to provoke immune system. Recombinant DNA Technology • Interactive site w/ animations DNA vaccines – These vaccines contain all or part of the pathogen DNA, which is used to “infect” a recipient’ s cells. • Common argument against vaccination: