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Transcript
Lymphatic System Tissues organs, vessels and a fluid called lymph similar to interstitial fluid Diffuse lymphatic tissue Tonsils, mucosa associated lymph tissue and red bone marrow Lymph Organs thymus spleen lymph nodes Lymphocytes for Immunity Functions of the Lymphatic System Draining excess interstitial fluid & plasma proteins from tissue spaces Transport of some nutrients and hormones Immunity –specific defense recognize microbes or abnormal cells & responding by killing them directly or secreting antibodies that cause their destruction Formation & Flow of Lymph Some fluid & proteins Filtered from blood capillaries are collected by lymphatic capillaries & returned to the blood Muscle contraction and breathing promote flow of lymph Lymphatic vessels empty into subclavian veins in shoulders Lymph Circulation Lymph capillaries Capillaries are closed-ended tubes in tissues Have one-way minivalves Pickup fluid (lymph) from Tissues (interstitial fluid) Lymph Capillaries Comparison of Lymph and Blood Capillaries Minivalve Lymph Circulation Lymphatic Vessels (lymphatics) Lymph passes from capillaries into lymph vessels Resemble veins with thin walls & valves Afferent lymphatics carry lymph to nodes Efferent lymphatics carry lymph from nodes Lymph Circulation Afferent, Efferent Lymphatics and Valves Lymph Circulation Lymph trunks drain lymph into ducts Lymph ducts - largest lymph channels Two ducts drain lymph into subclavian veins Larger thoracic duct drains most of body Smaller right duct drains right side head, right shoulder and right arm into right subclavian vein Lymph Ducts Right Lymphatic Duct Thoracic Duct Lymph circulation Drainage Pattern of Lymphatic Ducts Summary of Lymphatic Flow Interstitial fluid Lymph Capillaries Afferent Lymphatics Lymph Nodes Efferent Lymphatic Lymphatic Trunks Lymphatic Ducts Subclavian Veins of cardiovascular system (CVS) Question Which are the larger lymphatic structures? (A) lymphatics (B) trunks (C) capillaries (D) ducts Lymph Tissues Lymphatic nodules – MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymph Tissues) lymphatic nodules within the digestive and respiratory systems Small intestine Appendix Bronchi of respiratory tract Lymph Tissues Tonsils Located in and around throat Tonsilar crypts Functions Crypts Trap microbes such as bacteria Mount immune response against inhaled and ingested microbes Lymph Organs Lymph nodes Structure Location Throughout body but concentrated in groin, neck, armpit Functions Filter lymph Provide immunity Lymph Node Distribution Cervical Nodes Axillary Nodes Inguinal Nodes Question Vessels that enter lymph nodes are called ______ lymphatics. (A) efferent (B) afferent (C) enter (D) endo Lymph Organs Thymus Located in mediastinum above heart Large in infants atrophying with age Function Thymosin hormones for T-cell lymphocyte maturation Spleen Located in upper left quadrant to left of stomach Functions Filters blood Provides immunity Stores iron and platelets Question Which of the following are located within the intestinal lining? (A) tonsils (B) lymph nodes (C) thymus glands (D) MALT Question What lymphatic structure contains hormones for T-cell lymphocyte maturation? (A) (B) (C) (D) Tonsils Thymus gland Spleen MALT Defense Non-specific Defense First Line Defense: External Skin Mucous Membranes Tears Saliva Stomach acid Non-specific Defense Second Line Defense: Internal Antimicrobial Interferons – antiviral Complement – immunity and inflammation Natural proteins killer (NK) cells Lymphocytes Kill microbes and tumor cells Phagocytes Wandering phagocytes Fixed phagocytes Internal Defense Inflammation Mast cells and basophils release chemicals including histamine Arterioles vasodilate – more blood to site Increased capillary permeability – more fluid into tissues Internal Defense Results in Redness Heat Swelling Pain Healing (edema) Question Which of the following is a first-line of nonspecific defense? (A) Interferons (B) mucous membranes (C) NK cells (D) Inflammation (E) none of the above Specific Defense: Immunity Study of immunity is immunology Immunity versus non-specific defense Specificity: responds to specific invaders Destroys invaders by various means such as: ___________________________ Memory: Second exposure to antigen causes a stronger response Antigens Foreign (non-self) cells or chemicals that produce an immune response (stimulate antibody production) Are microbes, parts of microbes, blood cells, transplant tissues, and a variety of chemicals Immunity B-cell and T-cell lymphocytes responsible for immunity Two types of immune responses Cell mediated immunity: T-cells respond to intracellular antigens such as virus infected cells and tumor cells Antibody mediated immunity: B-cells respond to extracellular antigens Antibodies combat the antigen Cell Mediated Immunity T-cells originate in the red bone marrow and are processed (undergo maturation) in the thymus gland Matured T-cells then pass into other lymph tissues where they are ready to respond to antigens Immunity Two types of T-cell lymphocytes CD8 cells Activated by contact with virus infected body cell Onr type develops into killer T-cells and memory cells CD4 cells Activated when antigen presented by antigen presenting cell (APC) cell Develops into helper T-cells and memory cells Helper T-cells must activate CD8 cells before they can become fully activated killer T’s Cell Mediated Immunity continued Killer T’s leave lymphatic tissue to search for and destroy virus infected cells, tumor cells and tissue transplant cells on contact Cell Mediated Immunity Diagram Question Which of the following activate Killer T-cells? (A) B-cells (B) plasma cells (C) Helper T-cells (D) antibodies (E) none of the above Antibody Mediated Immunity Antigen causes production of antibodies B-cell lymphocytes stay in lymph tissues Antigen enters lymph tissue and binds to Bcell receptors B-cells become activated B-cells divide (clone) to form identical plasma cells and memory cells Helper T-cells bind to antigen on compatible B-cells and “help” stimulate plasma cell and memory cell formation Antibody Mediated Immunity Plasma cells secrete various types of antibodies Antibodies then bind to the specific antigen that activated its parent B-cells Antibodies then cause the destruction of the antigen in several ways Antibody Mediate Immunity Diagram Question Which cells secrete most of the antibodies? (A) Plasma cells (B) T-cells (C) B-cells (D) NK cells (E) none of the above Antibody Mediated Immunity Antibodies destroy antigens by Neutralizing antigens such as toxins Agglutinating (clumping) and precipitating (removing from solution) antigen bearing cells Activating the complement proteins that destroy the antigen by various means Enhancing phagocytosis by covering a microbe with antibodies Antibody Mediated Immunity There are five classes of antibodies IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD The IgG antibody is most common Study Table 22-1, page 807 in text and earn some extra credit on exam by learning the functions for each type. What does the Ig stand for? Summary of Immunity Immunological Memory What is meant by the terms primary response and secondary response? What causes the secondary response? Question What does the Ig in the antibody symbol stand for? (A) Interferon globulin (B) Immunoglobin (C) Immunogenic (D) Immunoglobulin (E) none of the above Disorders of the Immune System To earn extra credit on your exam, study “Immune Disorders” on pages 815-817 in your text.