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3.1.6 Immunology Review
L.O:
• To recall the second and third lines of defence
Oh!
What’s
occurring?
Defense Mechanisms
Non-specific
Specific
Response is immediate and the
same for all pathogens
Response is slower and specific
to each pathogen
Physical Barrier
(skin, acid in
stomach)
Phagocytosis
Cell-mediated
Response
Humoral
Response
(T lymphocytes)
(B lymphocytes)
Specific Response – Cell-mediated
They ‘present’ the
antigens on their
cell membrane
When phagocytes
engulf and break
down the
pathogen...
The antigen fit exactly into
receptors on certain T
helper cells, which
activates other T cells.
Specific Response – Cell-mediated
These activated T
cells begin rapidly
dividing by mitosis,
creating clones
Some of the cloned TOthers become cytotoxic
Cells develop into
killer T-cells, stimulate
memory cells for a faster
phagocytes to engulf
response if infected by
pathogens or stimulate B
the same pathogen in
cells to divide.
future.
Specific Response – Cell-mediated
Perforin – a protein
that knocks holes
in the cell
membrane
Killer T-cell
Infected body
cell (antigenpresenting)
Invading pathogens
are engulfed by
_____________ in a
process called
_______________.
The ___________
are displayed on the
cell surface. The
__________ has
become an
________________.
The activated T-cells
divide rapidly by
_________ and
create ___________.
The pathogens end up
in a vesicle called
a____________. Other
organelles called
___________ release
digestive enzymes into
it.
Certain T helper cells
that have a specific
receptor for the
____________ cause
other T-cells to
become activated.
The cloned T cells:
• develop into _________
• stimulate phagocytes
• stimulate ____________
• or become __________
which kill infected body
cells
Specific Response – Humoral
T-helper cells
(already
activated) attach
to the antigens
and activate the
B-cells
B-cells process
and present
antigens from
invading
pathogens
The activated B-cells
divide by mitosis.
They also specialise
into memory cells
and plasma cells
Specific Response – Humoral
• Plasma cells – produce antibodies
– Specific proteins that kill pathogens
– Primary immune response
Neutralisation –
neutralise toxins or
stop pathogens from
entering cells
Agglutination – stick
the pathogens
together – easier for
phagocytes to round
them up!
Specific Response – Humoral
• Memory cells
– Can live for decades! Much longer than plasma
cells
– If they encounter the same pathogen – divide and
become plasma cells
– Secondary immune response (very fast)
Specific Response – Humoral
Explain this graph
B or T? or Both?
Made in the thymus
Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!
T-Cells
Made in the thymus
B or T? or Both?
Divide by mitosis
Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!
Both!
Divide by mitosis
B or T? or Both?
Part of humoral immunity
Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!
B-Cells
Part of humoral immunity
B or T? or Both?
Made in the bone marrow
Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!
B-Cells
Made in the bone marrow
B or T? or Both?
Respond to antigenpresenting phagocytes
Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!
T-Cells
Respond to antigenpresenting phagocytes
B or T? or Both?
Part of cell-mediated
immunity
Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!
T-Cells
Part of cell-mediated
immunity
B or T? or Both?
Secrete antibodies
Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!
B-Cells
Secrete antibodies
Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!
Specification 3.1.1 and 3.1.6: Disease and Immunology
I can explain where
pathogens are likely
to penetrate the
body’s defences
and how they cause
disease
I can describe key
lifestyle risk factors
associated with
cancer and CHD
I understand that
changes in lifestyle
can lead to a
reduced risk of
developing these
diseases.
I can distinguish
between
correlations and
causal relationships
I can describe the
process of
phagocytosis
I know how
antibodies interact
with antigens as
part of the immune
response
I can explain the
differences
between the
humoral and
cellular immune
response
I can explain what a
vaccine is and how
it protects
individuals and
populations against
disease
I understand the
effects of antigenic
variability in
pathogens on
immunity
I can describe how
monoclonal
antibodies enable
specific targeting of
substances and cells
I can discuss ethical
issues associated
with the use of
vaccines and
monoclonal
antibodies
Learning Wall
I can explain where
pathogens are likely
to penetrate the
body’s defences
and how they cause
disease
I can describe key
lifestyle risk factors
associated with
cancer and CHD
I understand that
changes in lifestyle
can lead to a
reduced risk of
developing these
diseases.
I can distinguish
between
correlations and
causal relationships
I can describe the
process of
phagocytosis
I know how
antibodies interact
with antigens as
part of the immune
response
I can explain the
differences
between the
humoral and
cellular immune
response
I can explain what a
vaccine is and how
it protects
individuals and
populations against
disease
I understand the
effects of antigenic
variability in
pathogens on
immunity
I can describe how
monoclonal
antibodies enable
specific targeting of
substances and cells
I can discuss ethical
issues associated
with the use of
vaccines and
monoclonal
antibodies
• http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ch
apter22/animation__the_immune_response.h
tml
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SckgGlefJ
o0
Bingo!
Draw a 3 x 3 grid and choose 9 of the
words below:
Pathogen, phagocyte, lysosome, phagolysosome,
humoral, cell-mediated, T-helper cells, B-plasma
cells, mitosis, B-memory cells, antibodies, antigen,
vaccination,