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Immune System Overview Flow Chart CA Biology Standards Physiology 10a & 10d Physiology Standard 10b Students know the role of antibodies in the body’s response to infection. Non-Specific Immunity Defenses that are NOT designed to fight a specific disease, but ALL diseases!! Chemical & Physical Barriers Include: 1. Skin – Most important first line of defense. Physical barrier that keeps pathogens out! 2. Mucus – Contains enzyme (lysosyme) that break down cell walls of many bacteria 3. Sweat & Tears – Contains lysosyme and promote acidic environment that bacteria cannot survive What if the 1st line of defense doesn’t do the job? 4. Inflammatory Response: A non-specific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection. a. White Blood Cells (Phagocytes) – Detect, engulf and destroy pathogens b. Fever- Elevated body temperature kills or slows down growth of pathogens 5. Interferons- Proteins produced by virusinfected cells. Help other cells resist viral infections. Specific Immunity Triggered by specific Antigens to produce Antibodies – Antigen – A foreign substance that triggers an immune response. Two Types of Responses: 1. Humoral Response “Humoral” = In blood or lymph 2. Cell-Mediated Response Humoral Response 1. In the Blood & Lymph a. Lymphocytes produce antibodies 2. Antibodies are Y-Shaped Proteins that help to destroy pathogens a. Pathogens are foreign threats the body (virus, bacteria, etc) b. Antibodies bind to antigens the pathogens c. Cause pathogens to clump up Antigenbinding sites to on Antigen Antibody Humoral Response 3. White blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens (clumps of antibodies & antigens) 4. B cells can be activated by T cells to turn into plasma cells. 5. Plasma cells produce and release large numbers of antibodies into the bloodstream. 6. Some B cells become Memory Cells and can quickly respond if reinfected by same antigen (you can’t get the same cold twice) Humoral Response Cell-Mediated Response 1. Killer T cells kill infected cells to inhibit the reproduction and spread of viruses Killer T cells are also called Cytotoxic T cells 2. Causes body to reject transplanted organs Cell-Mediated Response Figure 40-10 Macrophage T cell binds to activated macrophage Helper T cell activates killer T cells and B cells Helper T Cell Killer T Cell T Cell Antigens are displayed on surface of macrophage T cell, activated by macrophage, becomes a helper T cell Infected Cell Killer T cells bind to infected cells, disrupting their cell membranes and destroying them Vocabulary Pathogens Viruses Bacteria Antiseptics Antibiotics