Download IMMUNOLOGY

IMMUNOLOGY
Immunology
general
Chen Weilin, Ph.D
[email protected]
《医学免疫学》的主要研究内容：
免疫刺激剂
免疫系统（免疫器官、细胞、分子）
抗体
免疫调控
正常
抗 抗 自
肿 感 身
瘤 染 耐
受
致敏的淋巴细胞
细胞因子
补体
急性期蛋白等
免疫应答
应用
异常
肿 感 自
瘤 染 身
免
疫
病
免
疫
缺
陷
病
染
移
植
物
排
斥
变
态
反
应
性
疾
病
免
疫
学
诊
断
免
疫
学
预
防
免
疫
学
治
疗
 Ⅰ Immunity and immunology
 Ⅱ Immunologic function
 Ⅲ Immune system
 Ⅳ Immune response
 Ⅴ Immunopathology
Immunity
1.Immunity:refers to all mechanisms used by the body as
protection against environmental agents that are foreign to
the body.
2.Agents:microorganismor and their products, foods,
chemicals, pollen,tumor cells, viruses…
3.Immune system: immune tissues and organs, immune
cells, immune molecules
4.Immune response: benefits; damaging effects
5.Immunology：A science studying on organization and
function of immune system
Immunologic function
Biological effects of immune system on
antigens during immune responds
physiological
homeostasis
effect---keeping
normal
pathological effect----resulting in diseases
Physiological and pathological
representation of immune response
Function
Physiological
(advantageous)
immune defense resist to pathogen
Pathological
(harmful)
hypersensitivity/
immunologic
deficiency disease
immune
homeostasis
scavenge damaged Autoimmunne
or senile cell
disease
immune
surveillance
Scavenge cells with Cancer
misreplication/
virus persistent
mutant cell
infection
Immune system
dominate immune function
execute immune effect
comprise immune organs, immune cells and
immune molecules
1 Immune organs
center immune organs
concept：places where immunocytes genesis,
develop, differentiate and mature
composition：bone marrow, thymus and bursa
of Fabricius (which is one of Avian character)
peripheral immune organs
concept ： places where mature T, B
lymphocytes resident and contact with
antigens and carry out immune response
composition ： lymphonode, spleen, mucosalassociated lymphoid tissue
Bone marrow
the place in which proliferation of HSC take place
the place in which development and maturation of
B cells occur
3. The lymphoid progenitor cells are transported by
circulating blood to the thymus and differentiate
into fuctional T lymphocytes
1.
2.
thymus gland
1.Cells:thymic stromal cells(TSC)
thymocytes
T cell (αβ+ )
monocytes,macrophage,TDC
2.Structure:cortex---immature thymocytes
madulla---mature thymocytes
Mø,TDC
3.Function:It is the site of T cell maturation;
It determines the specificity of the
TCR expressed on the T cells released
to periphery
The cellular organization of the human thymus
spleen
1. adult spleen:13*8cm 180-250g
2. the white pulp:lymphoid cells
the red pulp venous sinuses
cellular cords
3.function:a reservoiv for platelets,
erythrocytes and granulocytes;
destroy the Ag,aged platelets
spleen
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 1 June 2006 02:08 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier
lymph node
1.
2.
3.
Human:2-10mm in diameter
round and kidney shaped
Consists of : B-cell area(cortex)
T-cell area(paracortex)
central medulla
lymph node
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)
1.non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue
2.in the lamina propria and submucosal areas of the
gastrointestinal,respiratory and genitourinary tracts.
3.tonsil, appendix, Peyer’s patches
4.B cell
IgA
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)
Lymphocyte recirculation
1.
2.
Lymphocytes leave the blood via high-walled
endothelium of the post-capillary venules
Lymphocyte trafficking exposes antigen to a large
number of lymphocytes
Lymphocyte recirculation
2 immunocytes
all cells that participate in immune
response and their precursors.
cells participating in innate immune
response
NK, macrophage, granular
leukocytes, monocyte, mast cell, B1-B
cells participating in adaptive immune
response
T、B、APC
Lymphocytes(T,B)
NK cell
eosinophil
Dendritic cell
Monocyte/macrophage
basophil
Mast cell
Immunocytes
neutrophil
erythrocyte
platelet
3 immune molecules
immunoglobulin, MHC, complement,
cytokine et al
complement
CR
CKR
cytokine
Immune Response

innate immune response
natural immune response
non-specific immune response
 adaptive immune response
acquired immune response
specific immune response
Innate immunity mechanism of
recognition
 Pathogen associated molecules
patterns(PAMPs）:LPS,DNA,RNA,Protein
 Danger-associated molecular patterns
(DAMPS):DNA,HSP
 Pattern recognition receptors (PRR): Tolllike receptor(TLR) ,C-lectin
recptor(CLR),RIG-I-Like recptor(RLR),NODlike Receptor(NLR)
innate immunity
 Physiological barriers
skin
mucous membranes
 Phagocytosis
polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMN)
macrophages
 Natural killer(NK) cell
 cytokines and inflammation
Macrophages phagocytose and
degrade foreign particles,
bacteria and dead (and dying)
host cells.
Receptors on
Macrophages:
Toll-like receptors
Fc receptors
Mannose receptor
Complement receptors
IFNg receptor
Chemokine receptors
Scavenger receptors
LPS receptor:
CD14
toll-like receptor-4
CR3,4:
Complement receptors
(C3b)
Scavenger receptor:
sialic acid-bearing protein
Mannose receptor:
Binds mannose on bacteria,
activates C’
Glycan receptor:
Polysaccharides
Localization and Removal of Foreign Substances
Metabolic Destruction
intracellular digestion, killing

Oxygen independent: defensins and granular cationic
proteins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, acid hydrolases

Oxygen dependent: ROIs, RNIs; respiratory burst
myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion,
hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite
Macrophage Mediators Can Damage
Host Tissues
Bioactive
Lipids
ROI
Activated
Macrophage
TNF-a
IL-1
chemokines
Proteolytic
Enzymes
RNI
PH
Reactive Oxygen Intermediates
NADH
NADPH
H2O2
O2OH-
Lipid Peroxidation
Membrane, Protein and DNA
Damage
Innate defense is both preformed and inducible
adaptive immunity
 The activation of lymphocytes
antigen
TCR(T cell receptor)
BCR(B cell receptor)
 Proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes
B cell----cytokines
T cell----Antigen-TCR;co-stimulatory signal
 Effective cell
B cell----Antibody; T cell----CTL
 Memory cell
adaptive immunity
adaptive immunity
Comparison between innate immunity and adaptive immunity
Characteristics
Cells
Moleculars
Phagocytes (PMNs and
macrophages)
Natural killer cells
Master cells
Dendritic cells
Cytokines
Complement
Acute phase
proteins
T cells
B cells
Dendritic cells
Antibodies
Cytokines
Innate immunity
Generated little by little
during long –term evolution
Commonly owned by
different germlines,
herediable
Responds rapidly
Has some specificity
No memory
Adaptive immunity
Stimulated by antigen
Specially owned by some
individuals, non-herediable
but form immune memory
Slow too start
Highly specific
Memory
Adaptive immunity
Humor immunity
antibody
cell immunity
Bacterial component
kill
bacteria
Target cell
kill
Mon/Mφ
Active/attract
IFNγ
apoptosis
chemokine
Innate immunity
Relationship between innate immunity and adaptive immunity
Immunopathology
Hypersensitivity
- overactive immune response
Immunodeficiency
- ineffective immune response
Autoimmunity
- inappropriate reaction to self antigens
•To master basic conceptions of immunity,
immunology and immune function
•To be familiar with the construction and
function of immune organs and immunocytes
•To understand differences of innate immunity
and adaptive immunity