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Flexible Seminar Courses
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What is it?
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Why are we doing it?
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How will my instructor know I attended?
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Our options for this course
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Attending both seminars offered
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Questions
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Flexible Seminar Courses
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Additional tabs in remote window
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Open seminar – 24 hours a day, place for
students to work together. No archives for
open seminars.
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One time only seminar – scheduled
seminar for a particular time and date. All
participants will have access to archives.
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Final Project
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Research Methods
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Negative and Positive Reinforcement
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Theory of Psychological Thought
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Treatment Case
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Due End of Unit 9 – No Exceptions
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Discussion Board
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Initial Posts – 150 words
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Response Posts – 50 words
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2 Response posts per thread required
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Schacter
Gilbert
PSYCHOLOGY
Wegner
Chapter 1
Psychology: The
Evolution of a
Science
Slides prepared by
Randall E. Osborne, Texas State University-San Marcos
Schacter
Gilbert
PSYCHOLOGY
Wegner
1.1
Psychology’s Roots: The Path to
a Science of Mind
1.1 Psychology’s Roots
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Psychology’s definition
• mind & behavior defined
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Important questions
• What are the bases of perceptions, thoughts,
memories, and feelings, or our subjective sense
of self?
• How does the mind usually allow us to function
effectively in the world?
• Why does the mind occasionally function so
ineffectively in the world?
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1.1 Psychology’s Roots—The Great
Philosophers
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Plato (428 BC–347 BC) argues for nativism
• innate knowledge
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Aristotle (384 BC–322 BC) and “tabula rasa”
• philosophical empiricism
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Descartes (1596–1650) – dualism
• pineal gland
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Phrenology – takes “Gall” (1758–1828)
• mapping the mind?
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1.1 Psychology’s Roots—Biology
Matters
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Pierre Flourens (1794–1867)
• added precision through surgical experiments
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Paul Broca (1825–1880)
• patient unable to speak but could understand
• Broca’s area
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From Physiology to Psychology
• Helmholtz (1821–1894) —the speed of responses
• Wundt (1832–1920) —structualism
9
1.1 Psychology’s Roots—
Physiology
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Important terms
• physiology
• stimulus
• reaction time
• structuralism
• consciousness
• introspection
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Objective measurements of conscious
processes?
10
1.1 Psychology’s Roots—Coming to
the USA
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Titchener (1867–1927)
• hard introspective labor
• Elemental qualities of consciousness
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James (1842–1910)
• functional approach
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Darwin—The Origin of Species (1859)
• natural selection
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G. Stanley Hall (1844–1924)
• child development & adolescence
11
Schacter
Gilbert
PSYCHOLOGY
Wegner
1.2
Errors and Illusions Reveal
Psychology
1.2 Errors and Illusions Reveal
Psychology
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Illusions of movement
• Mueller-Lyer line illusion
• Max Wertheimer (train ride & movement)
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Birth of Gestalt psychology
• perception of wholes, not parts
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1.2 Mental Disorders and Multiple
Selves
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Psychological disorders can shed light on
the workings of the “normal” mind
• Felida X
• dissociative identity disorder
• hysteria
• James’ view of and awareness of single self
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1.2 Freud and Psychoanalytic
Theory
Freud’s work with Breuer
- Psychoanalytic theory
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• unconscious
• psychoanalysis
• sexual experiences
• clues into nature of mind from mental aberrations
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1.2 Influence of Psychoanalysis and
the Humanistic Response
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Freud–one of the most influential thinkers
Psychoanalysis —greatest impact on clinical
practice
• inherent pessimism
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Humanistic psychology
• positive potential
• Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers
clients not patients
driven toward future rather than prisoners of the past
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Schacter
Gilbert
PSYCHOLOGY
Wegner
1.3
Psychology in the 20th Century:
Behaviorism Takes Center Stage
1.3 Psychology in the 20th Century
Behaviorism—study the objective
- Watson (1878–1958) & emergence of
behaviorism
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• study what people “do”
• influenced by work of Ivan Pavlov
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Stimulus-response
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Little Albert
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1.3 B. F. Skinner & Behaviorism
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Skinner (1904—1990)
The conditioning chamber (“Skinner box”)
• consequences matter
• influenced by work of Ivan Pavlov
response
reinforcement
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Teaching machines (break complicated task into
small bits and use reinforcement)
No free will (reinforcements from our past)
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Schacter
Gilbert
PSYCHOLOGY
Wegner
1.4
Beyond Behaviorism:
Psychology Expands
1.4 Beyond Behaviorism
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Advent of computers
• decline in behaviorism
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Information processing systems
• can we think of mental events as the flow of information
through the mind?
• computer metaphor
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Cognitive psychology
• Remembering, attending, thinking, believing, evaluating,
feeling, and assessing
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1.4 The Emergence of Cognitive
Psychology
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Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886–1969)—memory
• expectations effect memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909)—
nonsense syllables for studying memory
- Piaget (1896–1980)
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• cognitive errors of children and insight into mind
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Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)
• behavior is predicted by person’s subjective
experience of the world
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1.4 The Emergence of Cognitive
Psychology - Technology
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World War II—how to train radar operators
• required an understanding of perception,
attention, identification, memory, & decisionmaking
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Donald Broadbent (1926–1993)
• paying attention to several things at once
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George Miller
• similarity in capacity limitations across situations
• 7 +/- 2
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1.4 The Emergence of Cognitive
Psychology—Technology
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Writing computer programs to mimic
language?
• Skinner’s Verbal Behavior
• Chomsky’s critique based on novel constructions
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Developments of 1950s set stage for
explosion of cognitive psychology in the
1960s
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1.4 The Rise of Cognitive
Neuroscience
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Cognitive psychologists studied the
“software” of the brain
• but what about the hardware?
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Karl Lashley (1890–1958)
• train rats to run maze
• surgically remove brain parts & run maze again
• hope to find spot in brain where learning occurs
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Scientists who followed developed area now
called behavioral neuroscience
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1.4 The Rise of Cognitive
Neuroscience
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Goal is to learn about
relationship between
brain and behavior
Which brain parts
perform which
functions?
New technologies to
observe living brains
(such as PET scans
depicted in Figure 1.5)
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1.4 The Rise of Cognitive
Neuroscience
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Behavioral neuroscience
• links psychological processes to activities in
nervous system
• cannot do “experimental” brain surgery
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Cognitive neuroscience
• brain scanning techniques
• which brain parts are active with which tasks?
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1.4 The Emergence of Evolutionary
Psychology
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Garcia—rats learn to associate nausea with
food smell faster than with a flashing light
• adaptive
• organisms are not just blank slates
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Charles Darwin (1809–1892)
• theory of natural selection
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Evolutionary psychology
• things that remain serve or served an adaptive
function
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Schacter
Gilbert
PSYCHOLOGY
Wegner
1.5
Beyond the Individual: Social
and Cultural Perspectives
1.5 Social and Cultural Perspectives
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Social psychology
• Triplett’s bicycle study
• Lewin’s “field theory”
• Asch’s “mental chemistry”
• Allport—stereotyping, prejudice, and racism
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1.5 Social and Cultural Perspectives
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Cultural psychology
• defining “culture”
• Wundt paid attention to culture?
• anthropology and psychology
• absolutism
• relativism
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Schacter
Gilbert
PSYCHOLOGY
Wegner
1.6
The Profession of Psychology:
Past and Present
1.6 Psychology’s Past and Present
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July 1892—APA is born at Clark University
• 7 original members
150,000 members today
• 20% come from academia
- APS formed in 1982
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• renamed in 2006
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1.6 Psychology’s Past and Present
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Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930)
• first woman elected president of APA
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Francis Cecil Sumner (1895–1954)
• first African American to hold PhD in psychology
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Kenneth Clark (1914–2005)
• first member of a minority group to become
president of APA
• elected in 1970
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1.6 What Psychologists Do
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Faculty positions
Private practice
School psychologists
Research
psychologists
Counseling
psychologists
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