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Perspective Time Focus Period People Key Ideas Greeks- reliance on observation Copernicus and Galilei- experimentation through observation Descartes- link between mind and body (not dualism) 19th century- cells as the building blocks of life Marmaduke Samson and phrenology Examining bumps on a person’s skull to determine intelligence and character traits (mid 1800s) Perspective Time Focus Period People Key Ideas Structuralism William WundtFirst Psych. Laboratory (Leipzig, Switz.) Introspectionself report of thoughts and feelings 1879 The basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences Wilhelm Wundt- Structuralism Father of Psychology Reading all of his work has been estimated to take two and a half years if one was to read 60 pages a day Also published four books in philosophy! At this time, psychology was not considered something separate from philosophy. In fact, Wundt rejected the idea when someone suggested it to him. Perspective Time Focus Period People Key Ideas Structuralism 1879 The basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences William WundtFirst Psych. Laboratory (Leipzig, Switz.) Introspectionself report of thoughts and feelings Functionalism 1890 The function (rather than the structure) of consciousness William JamesFirst Psychological Textbook Adaptation to the Environment William James- Functionalism Battled depression and suicidal thoughts Also studied religious experiences Theory of Emotionemotion is the mind's perception of physiological conditions (smile so feel happy) Perspective Time Focus Period People Key Ideas Structuralism 1879 The basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences William WundtFirst Psych. Laboratory (Leipzig, Switz.) Introspectionself report of thoughts and feelings Functionalism 1890 The function (rather than the structure) of consciousness William JamesFirst Psychological Textbook Adaptation to the Environment Inheritable Traits Late 1800sEarly 1900s Heredity Sir Francis Galton Intelligence runs in families Sir Francis Galton- Heritability Half-Cousin of Charles Darwin Reading by the age of 2, at age 5 he knew some Greek and Latin Prepared the first weather map published in the NY Times in 1875 Invented the term eugenics Perspective Time Focus Period People Key Ideas Structuralism 1879 The basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences William WundtFirst Psych. Laboratory (Leipzig, Switz.) Introspectionself report of thoughts and feelings Functionalism 1890 The function (rather than the structure) of consciousness William JamesFirst Psychological Textbook Adaptation to the Environment Inheritable Traits Late 1800sEarly 1900s Heredity Sir Francis Galton Intelligence runs in families Gestalt Psychology Early 1900s Perception is more than the sum of its parts Kohler, Kofka “whole pattern” Gestalt Psychology Perspectiv e Time Period Focus People Psychoanalytic Early 1900s Unconscious Sigmund motivations Freud influence behavior Key Terms Free association Dream Analysis Case Studies Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalysis First of eight children ; his parents favored him over his siblings from the early stages of his childhood “What progress we are making. In the Middle Ages they would have burned me. Now they are content with burning my books” All of his many sisters would perish in The Holocaust Card-playing friend who became a Nazi official helped him and his immediate family leave Austria safely Perspectiv e Time Period Focus People Key Terms Psychoanalytic Early 1900s Unconscious Sigmund motivations Freud influence behavior Free association Dream Analysis Case Studies Behavioral Early-Mid 1900s Events in the Ivan Pavlov environment John influence behavior Watson (founder) B.F. Skinner Observable Classical Conditioning Operant Cond. Behaviorism- Ivan Pavlov (Classical Cond.) Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system Conscious until his very last moment, Pavlov asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of life. Behaviorism- John Watson Conducted the controversial Little Albert experiment “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchantchief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” Left Johns-Hopkins after having an affair w/ assistant “Coffee break” Behaviorism- B.F. Skinner (Operant Cond.) Invented “Skinner boxes” to help study operant conditioning Invented the air-crib an easily-cleaned, temperature and humidity-controlled box to assist in the raising of babies. Perspectiv e Time Period Focus People Key Terms Psychoanalytic Early 1900s Unconscious motivations influence behavior Sigmund Freud Free association Dream Analysis Case Studies Behavioral Early-Mid 1900s Events in the environment influence behavior Ivan Pavlov John Watson (founder) B.F. Skinner Observable Classical Conditioning Operant Cond. Humanistic Late 1900s Individual / selfdirected choices influence behavior Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Personal Growth Potential Humanism- Abraham Maslow “Hierarchy of Needs” His parents were uneducated Jewish immigrants from Russia Carl Rogers- Humanism Originally studied for the ministry Believes that all creatures strive to make the very best of their existence. Some of his earliest examples, include seaweed and mushrooms. Best known for his contributions to therapyclient-centered/reflective Perspectiv e Time Period Focus People Key Terms Psychoanalytic Early 1900s Unconscious Sigmund motivations Freud influence behavior Free association Dream Analysis Case Studies Behavioral Early-Mid 1900s Events in the Ivan Pavlov environment John influence behavior Watson (founder) B.F. Skinner Observable Classical Conditioning Operant Cond. Humanistic Late 1900s Individual / selfAbraham Personal Growth directed choices Maslow Potential influence behavior Carl Rogers Cognitive Late 1900s How we process, Jean Piaget store, and retrieve Noam information Chomsky influences our behavior Language Problem Solving Creativity Thinking Cognitive- Jean Piaget “Only education is capable of saving our societies from possible collapse, whether violent, or gradual” Teacher- noticed young children's cognitive processes are inherently different from those of adults Cognitive- Noam Chomsky Advocated an innate set of linguistic principles shared by all humans known as universal grammar and the theory of generative grammar Jewish, born in 1928 in Pennsylvania to parents from East Europe Has received death threats because of his criticisms of US foreign policy – on the Unabomber's list Still alive Perspectiv e Time Period Focus People Key Terms Biological/Neur 1980s ological and beyond Biological Factors Neuroscient PET Scans influence behavior ists CAT Scans Twin Studies Socio-Cultural Ethnicity, gender, culture, and economic status influence behavior Recent Belief systems Immigration BIOLOGICAL