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Chapter 1
Abnormal Behavior in Historical
Context
Psychological Disorder
What Is a Psychological Disorder?
• Psychological dysfunction
– Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral
functioning
• Personal distress
– Difficulty performing appropriate and expected
roles
– Impairment is set in the context of a person’s
background
• Atypical or not culturally expected response
– Reaction is outside cultural norms
Abnormal Behavior Defined
• An accepted definition
– A psychological dysfunction associated with
distress or impairment in functioning that is not
typical or culturally expected
• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSMIV-TR)
– Contains diagnostic criteria
• Psychopathology
– The scientific study of psychological disorders
The Science of Psychopathology
• Mental health professionals
– The Ph.D.: Clinical and counseling psychologist
– The Psy.D.: Clinical and counseling “Doctor of
Psychology”
– The Ed.D.: Clinical and counseling “Doctor of
Education
– M.D.: Psychiatrist
– Psychiatric social worker
– Psychiatric nurse
– Family therapists; mental health counselors
Scientist – practitioner model
Clinical Description
• Begins with the presenting problem
• Description aims to:
– Distinguish clinically significant dysfunction from
common human experience
• Describe prevalence and incidence of
disorders
- sex ratio
- age of onset
Clinical Description
• Describe onset of disorders
–Acute vs. insidious onset
• Describe course of disorders
–Episodic, time-limited, or chronic
course
• Prognosis
–Good vs. guarded
Causation, Treatment,
and Outcome
• Etiology
– What contributes to the development of
psychopathology?
• Treatment development
– How can we help alleviate psychological
suffering?
– Includes pharmacologic, psychosocial,
and/or combined treatments
Historical Conceptions of Abnormal
Behavior
• Existed in all cultures and across all time
periods.
• Causes and treatment of abnormal behavior
vary widely across cultures and time periods.
• Three dominant traditions
– Supernatural
– Biological
– Psychological
The Supernatural Tradition
• Deviant behavior as a battle of
“Good” vs. Evil
– Caused by demonic possession, witchcraft,
sorcery
– Treatments included exorcism, torture, beatings,
trephining, and shock therapy
The Supernatural Tradition
• Mass hysteria (rave without music)
– Emotion contagion
– Mob psychology
• The moon and the stars (astrology)
– lunacy
• Hippocrates: Abnormal behavior as a physical
disease
- hysteria” = wandering uterus
• “Galen extends Hippocrates’ work
– Humoral theory of mental illness
– linked abnormality with brain chemical
imbalances
The 19th Century
• General paresis (syphilis) and the biological
link with madness
– Several unusual psychological and behavioral
symptoms
– Pasteur discovered the cause – a bacterial
microorganism
– Led to penicillin as a successful treatment
– Bolstered the view that mental illness = physical
illness
• John P. Grey – treatment includes rest, diet,
ventilation and improved hospitals
Consequences of the
Biological Tradition
• Mental illness = physical illness
• Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)
– Diagnosis and classification
The Psychological Tradition
• The rise of moral therapy
– More humane treatment of institutionalized
patients
– Encouraged and reinforced social interaction
The Psychological Tradition
• Proponents of moral therapy
– Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin
– Benjamin Rush – led reforms in U.S.
– Dorothea Dix – mental hygiene movement
• Asylum reform and the decline of moral
therapy
• Emergence of competing alternative
psychological models
Freud’s Psychoanalysis
• Psychoanalysis – Freud’s theory of personality
and therapy based on it
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
LO 13.2 How did Freud’s view form the basis for psychodynamic theory?
• Founder psychoanalytic
movement
• Cultural background
– Victorian era
• sexual repression, sex for
procreation, mistresses satisfied
men’s “uncontrollable”
sexual desires
Personality
• Freud proposed that excessive anxiety might be due
to:
• Lack of sexual gratification
• Masturbation
• Traumatic sexual experiences from early
childhood
21
The Unconscious Mind
Divisions of The Personality
Ego
Superego
ID
Id, Ego and Superego
Id unconscious sexual and
aggressive drives operating on the
pleasure principle, demanding
immediate gratification.
Superego provides standards for
judgment (the conscience) acts as a
moral center
Largely conscious, ego functions as the
“executive” and mediates the demands of id
and superego – reality principle.
24
Exploring the Unconscious
The process of
free association
(chain of
thoughts) leads
to painful,
embarrassing
unconscious
memories
26
Freudian slip – a slip of the tongue that
reveals an unconscious motive or thought
“Freud gave 5 pubic lectures here.”
Dream Analysis
Another method to analyze the unconscious
mind is through interpreting the manifest and
latent contents of dreams.
The Nightmare, Henry Fuseli (1791)
29
Rorschach Inkblot Test
10 inkblots - designed by Hermann Rorschach.
It seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by
analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.
30
Thematic Apperception Test TAT)
Developed by Henry Murray, TAT is a projective
test in which people express their inner feelings
about ambiguous scenes.
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.
31
Defense Mechanisms
• Defense mechanisms - unconscious distortions of
perceptions to reduce anxiety
– Repression - refuse to consciously
remember a threatening or unacceptable
event
– Denial - refuse to acknowledge threatening
situation
– Rationalization - invent acceptable excuses
for unacceptable behavior
Defense Mechanisms (cont)
– Projection - unacceptable impulses seen as
originating in someone else
– Reaction formation - opposite emotional or
behavioral reaction to way one really feels
– Displacement - redirect feelings from a
threatening target to less threatening one
Defense Mechanisms (cont)
– Regression - fall back on childlike response
patterns when under stress
– Identification - try to become like someone
else to deal with anxiety
– Compensation - make up for inferiorities in
one area by becoming superior in another
area
– Sublimation - channel socially unacceptable
impulses into socially acceptable behavior
Stages of Personality Development
• Fixation – unresolved
psychosexual stage conflict
– “stuck” in stage relevant
personality traits and
behaviors
• Psychosexual stages - five
stages of personality tied to
sexual development
Stages of Personality Development
OralOral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
• Oral stage - first
stage, first year
– mouth erogenous zone
– weaning is
primary conflict
Stages of Personality Development
Oral
AnalAnal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
• Anal stage – one to three
years, ego develops
– toilet training conflict
– expulsive vs. retentive
personalities
Stages of Personality Development
Oral
Anal
PhallicPhal
lic
Latent
Genital
Phallic stage – three to
six years, superego
develops
– sexual feelings
– Oedipus complex
- Electra complex
Identification
Through identification
their superego gains
strength incorporating
parents’ values.
39
Stages of Personality Development
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Late
Latent
nt
Genital
• Latent stage – six to
puberty
– sexual feelings
repressed, samesex play, social
skills
Stages of Personality Development
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
Genital
• Genital stage –
puberty
– sexual feelings
consciously
expressed
Modern Psychoanalytic Theory
LO 13.4 How does modern psychoanalytic theory differ from that of Freud?
• Current research has found support for…
– defense mechanisms
– concept of unconscious mind that can influence
conscious behavior
Later Developments in Psychoanalytic
Thought
• Anna Freud and self-psychology
– Emphasized influence of the ego in defining
behavior
• Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, and object
relations theory
– Emphasized how children incorporate (introject)
objects
– Objects – images, memories, and values of
significant others
Later Developments in Psychoanalytic
Thought (continued)
• The “Neo-Freudians”: Departures from
Freudian thought
– De-emphasized the sexual core of Freud’s theory
– Jung, Adler, Horney, Fromm, and Erickson
© 2006
The
McGrawHill
Companie
s, Inc. All
rights
reserved.
Santrock,
Education
al
Psycholog
y, Second
Edition,
Classroom
Update
3) The Humanistic Perspective
a)personal growth
b)freedom to choose
c) being sensitive to others
Abraham Maslow
(1908-1970)
Carl Rogers
(1902-1987)
© 2006
The
McGrawHill
Companie
s, Inc. All
rights
reserved.
Santrock,
Education
al
Psycholog
y, Second
Edition,
Classroom
Update
Being (growth)
Needs
Deficiency
Needs
Self- Actualization
© 2006
The
McGrawHill
Companie
s, Inc. All
rights
reserved.
Santrock,
Education
al
Psycholog
y, Second
Edition,
Classroom
Update
• the self-actualized individual:
• An ability to perceive reality accurately
• Independence, spontaneity, and creativity
• Treating others with unconditional positive
regard
• An outlook that emphasizes problem-solving
• Enjoyment of life
• A good sense of humor
Humanistic Theory
• Person-centered therapy
– Therapist conveys empathy and unconditional
positive regard
– Minimal therapist interpretation
• There is no strong evidence that humanistic
therapies work.
The Behavioral Model
• Derived from a scientific approach to
the study of psychopathology
• Classical conditioning (Pavlov; Watson)
– Ubiquitous form of learning
– Contingency between neutral and
unconditioned stimuli
– Conditioning was extended to the
acquisition of fear
John B. Watson
(1878-1958)
The Beginnings of
Behavior Therapy
• Challenged psychoanalysis and
non-scientific approaches
• Early pioneers
– Joseph Wolpe – systematic desensitization
• Operant conditioning (Thorndike;
Skinner)
– Reinforcement
– Another ubiquitous form of learning
– Voluntary behavior is controlled by
consequences
B. F. Skinner
(1904-1990)
The Beginnings of
Behavior Therapy
• Learning traditions influenced the
development of behavior therapy.
– Behavior therapy tends to be time-limited and
direct
– Strong evidence supporting the efficacy of
behavior therapies
An Integrative Approach
• Psychopathology is multiply determined.
- biological
- psychological
- social
An Integrative Approach
• Defining abnormal behavior
– Complex, multifaceted, and has evolved
• The supernatural tradition
– Has no place in a science of abnormal behavior