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Learning … It’s a Behavioral Thing Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Vicarious Learning Learning … It’s a Behavioral Thing Terminology Stimulus – what happens to an individual Reinforcer – a stimulus that promotes the chance a behavior will happen again Response – the action or reaction of an individual Conditioning – Learning process Learning … It’s a Behavioral Thing Classical Conditioning •Start with a conditioned response (something you already know) •Add stimulus you don’t respond to •You learn to respond to new stimulus •(Examples: Pavlov’s dogs, value money, letting someone like you, etc.) Learning … It’s a Behavioral Thing Classical Conditioning Most of our values and fears come from classical conditioning. Learning … It’s a Behavioral Thing Classical Conditioning Desensitization (Reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed.) Learning … It’s a Behavioral Thing Operant Conditioning The individual (trainee) initiates the behavior we want or a behavior similar to what we want. We provide an immediate reinforcement. The behavior will repeat Learning … It’s a Behavioral Thing Operant Conditioning Shaping – Gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern. Chaining – Determining the order of behaviors to be learned to produce the desired outcome. Learning … It’s a Behavioral Thing Operant Conditioning Operant extinction – Learned responses that are not reinforced gradually fade away. Negative Reinforcement – that which occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event Learning … It’s a Behavioral Thing Operant Reinforcers Primary Reinforcers – Natural, biological (air, food, water, sex, etc.) Secondary Reinforcers – these are all learned … examples: money, praise, attention, inclusion, grades, etc. Learning … It’s a Behavioral Thing Partial Reinforcement • Fixed Ratio - a set number of correct responses equal a reinforcer • Variable Ratio - a varied number of correct responses equal a reinforcer • Fixed Interval - reinforcer is given after a specific length of time after the correct response • Variable Interval - reinforcer is given after a varied length of time after the correct response Learning … It’s a Behavioral Thing Vicarious Learning Observing the behavior of someone else and the consequences of their behavior and directing our own behavior according to these observation. • Go to assessment