Download Learning! - kyle

Learning!
Psychology
Ms. Rebecca
Do Now:
• What are some good
habits you have? Ex:
Brushing your teeth
after eating, exercising,
eating healthy, doing
homework etc…
MtZ_dJwQ/SYvvRA0CxAI/AAAAAAAAAo8/Vw1igQ5G_MU/s
Why should we care about learning?
• 1. Learning principles can help us to get
over fears, learn good habits, and unlearn
bad habits.
• 2. It can also help us to reach our full
potential as students and people in
general!
Why is it part of Psychology?
• Learning is a psychological process that
shapes us into the people we are today, and
who we will be in the future!
?s to answer by end of lesson:
• 1. What are the 2 main types of conditioning
and how do they work/differ from one
another?
• 2. How can operant conditioning help
someone to get over a fear?
• 3. What types of reinforcement can be used
to help change behavior?
• 4. What is the difference between latent
learning and observational learning?
Multiple Choice Test
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ivan Pavlov is famous for his findings on classical conditioning by testing
the effects of ringing a bell on.....
–
people
–
rabbits
–
frogs
–
dogs
The idea that you can learn how to swing a golf club by watching
someone else do it is called:
–
Latent learning
–
Observational learning
–
Positive reinforcement
–
Programmed learning
Learning that is hidden in your subconscious until it is needed (like when
you remember when things are in your kitchen only when you need to
use them) is called:
–
Latent learning
–
Programmed learning
–
Observational learning
–
Media learning
Many psychologists believe that trying to get over a fear using
_______________ may be too difficult for many people.
–
flooding
–
extinction
–
systematic desensitization
–
generalization
______________________ helps people to get over their fears by
teaching them relaxation techniques to use as they are gradually exposed
to the things they fear.
–
flooding
–
generalization
–
systematic desensitization
–
extinction
•
Conditioning children to like going to the doctor by giving them
candy every time they go to the doctor is an example of
_____________________.
–
Classical conditioning
–
Operant conditioning
–
Aerobic conditioning
–
Counter conditioning
•
Food, water and warmth are all examples of _________________
–
Primary reinforcers
–
Secondary reinforcers
–
Building reinforcers
–
None of the above
•
Money, attention and social approval are all examples of
__________________.
–
Primary reinforcers
–
Secondary reinforcers
–
Life reinforcers
–
None of the above
•
True/False
•
____ Negative reinforcement decreases the frequency of a
desired behavior.
•
•
•
•
•
____ Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of a desired
behavior.
____ Punishment is different from negative reinforcement.
Key Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Classical conditioning
Stimulus/response
Ivan Pavlov
US, UR, CS, CR
Extinction
Taste aversion
Spontaneous recovery
Flooding
Systematic
desensitization
• Operant conditioning
• B.F. Skinner
• Primary/secondary
reinforcement
• Positive/negative
reinforcement
• Punishment
• Other types of
reinforcement
• Latent learning
• Observational learning
Learning
• Anything we are born
NOT knowing how to do
must be learned.
• Ex: reading, walking,
talking….
leplants.com/Schools-Education/thumbs/Schools-Education-Cartoonville-Le
How do we learn things?
•
•
•
•
Many different ways:
Watching others
Reading books
Trying something
new….
ttp://www.wallpaperez.net/wallpaper/children/Childrens-Day-learn-696.jpg
A Day at the Beach Activity
• Relax and close your
eyes…………
Jaws Ex of Classical Conditioning!
• Shark = fear
• Jaws Music: you’ve
learned to think of a
shark and feel afraid
• Music originally made
you feel nothing (or still
doesn’t if you haven’t
seen the movie)
Classical Conditioning
• We learn to do
something or not to do
something based on a
stimulus and a response
to that stimulus.
Stimulus
• Something that
produces a reaction.
http://www.babble.com/CS/blogs/strollerderby/chocolate_chip-cookies.jpg
Response
• The reaction a person
or animal has to
something (stimulus).
http://scott.club365.net/uploaded_images/drooling_homer-712749.gif
Another Example:
• You really like a song on
the radio. Every time
you hear that song you
feel happy and you
want to dance.
http://images.paraorkut.com/img/pics/glitters/m/music-8762.jpg
Example Continued
• Stimulus: Music
• Response: feeling happy and wanting to
dance.
Classical Conditioning
• Learning to respond to a stimulus in a certain
way.
Example:
• When we eat food, it’s normal for our mouths
to produce saliva to digest the food. This is
NOT a learned behavior.
BUT
• It is NOT normal to
produce saliva when we
are simply SMELLING
food because we don’t
need to digest smells.
http://s3.images.com/huge.2.13308.JPG
Classical Conditioning
• The reason that you drool or make saliva
when you smell delicious food is because you
are classically conditioned to do this.
Classical Conditioning
• We have learned that
when we see and smell
delicious food nearby,
we will probably get a
chance to eat it, which
will require saliva.
http://blog.americanfeast.com/images/eating-disorder.jpg
2 Stimuli become associated with one
another
• Stimulus 1: Smell of
food
• Stimulus 2: Eating food
Ivan Pavlov Rings a Bell
• Dogs learned from
experience that when
Pavlov rang a bell, they
would be fed.
Ivan Pavlov Rings a Bell
• The dogs learned to salivate when they heard
the bell, because they associated the bell
with being fed.
Ivan Pavlov Rings a Bell
• Stimulus 1: Being Fed
• Response 1: Salivating
• Stimulus 2: Bell Ringing
• Response 2: Salivating
http://www.big-dog-clothing.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/dog-food1.jp
But it’s not called Stimulus/Response 1 and
2…
•
•
•
•
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
• Note: Things that are conditioned must be
learned
Unconditioned Stimulus
• Stimulus that caused as
AUTOMATIC response
that doesn’t need to be
learned.
• Ex: When the dogs
were fed they naturally
salivated.
Unconditioned Response
• The response to an
unconditioned stimulus.
• Ex: When the dogs were
fed they naturally
salivated.
Conditioned Stimulus
• Something that
normally doesn’t cause
the response it causes
AFTER conditioning.
• Ex: The ringing of a bell
Conditioned Response
• A learned response to a
stimulus that used to be
meaningless.
• Ex: The dogs salivating after
they hear a ringing bell
(Conditioned Stimulus).
Adapting to the Environment
• Why is classical
conditioning important
in nature?
• It helps animals to
learn to survive in their
environment.
http://kecute.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/cat-attack.jpg
Adapting to the Environment
• Ex: A bunny learns to
run away when it smells
or sees cats nearby.
/mjbmeister/SGcrKHNDKQI/AAAAAAAAH_w/zWA8DM9Wws0/s400/cat-paw-
Adapting to the Environment
• Humans may learn to
get out of the house if
they smell smoke, even
if they don’t see fire.
Taste Aversion
• learned avoidance of a
certain type of food.
• Ex: You eat so much ice
cream you throw up.
You won’t want to eat
ice cream again for a
while.
Why are taste aversions important?
• They can save lives!
Sometimes when foods
make us sick, it is
because they are poison
and we shouldn’t eat
them. Ex: Alcohol!
http://www.brainandspinalcord.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/alcoh
Extinction
• When a conditioned
stimulus no longer is
followed by an
unconditioned stimulus,
it will lose its ability to
create a conditioned
response.
http://www.lansing.lib.il.us/images/j0422315.jp
Ex:
• Conditioned Stimulus: Your
car alarm goes off and it is
stolen
• Conditioned Response: You
freak out whenever you
hear the alarm go off on
your NEW car
After a while
• You learn that the car alarm goes of ALL THE
TIME and it hasn’t been stolen in YEARS.
• You stop freaking out when you hear the car
alarm. This is Extinction.
Same thing happened with the dogs
• Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after he
rang a bell.
• After a while, the dogs stopped salivating
when they heard the bell.
Spontaneous Recovery
• BUT Extinction may not last forever.
• For a few days, Pavlov did not ring the bell AT
ALL. THEN, he rang the bell and the dogs
salivated again. But not as much.
Spontaneous Recovery
• If your car alarm doesn’t go off for a long time,
and then suddenly it does, you may freak out
a little bit, even if your car hasn’t been stolen.
Another example:
• Perfume or Cologne of
someone you loved.
http://www.overstockdrugstore.com/product_images/c/012044007105.jpg
Generalization
• Responding the same way to stimuli that are
similar.
• Ex: If you throw up after eating a gallon of
chocolate ice cream you probably will avoid
other flavors of ice cream too in addition to
chocolate ice cream.
Discrimination
• BUT people still respond
differently to stimuli that are NOT
similar.
• Ex: You can’t eat ice cream for a
while but chocolate cake is
different enough from ice cream
to be ok to eat.
How does classical conditioning help
people?
• It can help people get over fears of things and
situations.
2 ways to help reduce fears:
• 1. Flooding
• 2. Systematic Desensitization
1. Flooding
• A person is forced to be
around the thing that they
fear.
• Ex: If you are afraid of
heights, you may be forced
to look out a 6th story
window until you are no
longer upset about it.
Problem with flooding:
• People who are really afraid
of something would HATE
being forced to be around
the thing they fear. It may
be difficult to get someone
to face their fear like that.
2. Systematic Desensitization
• People are taught ways to relax when facing a
fear. They are GRADUALLY exposed to the
things they fear while being helped to relax.
Example:
• People who are afraid
of spiders may be
shown pictures of
spiders and are helped
to relax.
http://www.white-hat-web-design.co.uk/images/spider.jpg
Example continued
• Gradually they are shown real spiders at a
distance and helped to relax.
Example continued
• Finally, the spiders may be brought closer and
closer while using the same relaxation
techniques until the person is no longer afraid.
Pros and Cons:
• Systematic
Desensitization is easier
for patients than
Flooding BUT it can take
a LONG time.
http://school.discoveryeducation.com/clipart/images/clock.gif
Another way to get over a fear: Counter
conditioning
• A pleasant stimulus is
paired with something
someone is afraid of.
oakhurstveterinaryhospitalca.com/assets/faq/67/RESPONSESUBSTITUTIO
Counter conditioning example:
• A child who is afraid of
shots is given candy
while they are at the
doctor. The good
experience of eating the
candy my cancel out the
fear of shots.
http://www.momlogic.com/images/pediatrician-candy-kid-270.jpg
Review Question
• Read the following situation and write which
parts are the:
• 1. Unconditioned Stimulus
• 2. Unconditioned Response
• 3. Conditioned Stimulus
• 4. Conditioned Response
Situation
• Whenever you see your boyfriend or girlfriend
you want to kiss them. You love everything
about them. You especially like the way their
perfume or cologne smells. Eventually, just
smelling the perfume or cologne they wear
makes you want to kiss them.
Another type of learning:
Operant Conditioning:
Learning to do things
because of their results.
Ex: You may learn to
study because when
you study you get good
grades.
http://www.personhoodpress.com/jalmarbooks/StudySkills.jpg
Different from Classical Conditioning
• Because people have more control over these
behaviors.
• Studying is still a choice. Drooling when you
eat isn’t a choice and drooling when you hear
a bell isn’t a choice either.
B.F. Skinner’s birds
• Trained to peck target
for food.
http://flowstate.homestead.com/files/bfskinner.jpg
Reinforcement
• Something, like a
reward, that helps
increase the frequency
of a behavior.
Reinforcement
• Ex: Dogs are reinforced
to do tricks with treats
Different Types of Reinforcers
• Primary Reinforcers
• Secondary Reinforcers
Primary Reinforcers
• Reinforcement that works
because of the biological NEEDS
of a person or animal
• Ex: We need food, water, shelter
to survive. To don’t need to be
taught the importance of these
things.
Secondary Reinforcement
• Reinforcement that has
value that must be
learned over time.
• Ex: grades, money,
social approval,
attention
Positive and Negative Reinforcement
• Positive
Reinforcement:
increases the
frequency of a
behavior when it is
given.
• Ex: good grades are
positive reinforcement
for studying.
Negative Reinforcement
• Increases the frequency of a behavior when
it is taken away.
Ex of Negative Reinforcement
• Your mother always
complains that you
never talk to her. If you
e-mail her, she stops
complaining.
• Your mother NOT
complaining is the
negative reinforcement
for you e-mailing her.
http://www.halfthedeck.com/images/Nagging%20Wife.jpg
Punishments
• Unwanted events that
DECREASE the frequency of
a behavior.
• If you get caught hitting
your brother, your parents
may take t.v. away. This
punishment is supposed to
decrease the frequency of
you hitting your brother.
How is punishment different from negative
reinforcement?
• Punishment DECREASES
the frequency of a
behavior.
• Negative Reinforcement
INCREASES the
frequency of a behavior
by taking something
bad away.
Continuous and Partial Reinforcement
• Continuous
Reinforcement: When
you give reinforcement
EVERY time a desirable
behavior happens.
• Problem: This isn’t
always possible and can
get expensive!
http://scienceblogs.com/retrospectacle/upload/2007/01/FatDog.jpg
Partial Reinforcement
• Desirable behavior is
only reinforced enough
times to make people
want to repeat it.
• Ex: Going to the movies
isn’t ALWAYS awesome,
but…..
http://www.bobo-movies.com/image/The_Pacifier.jpg
3 Types of Partial Reinforcement
• Variable and Fixed
Interval Schedules
• Variable and Fixed Ratio
Schedules
http://www.geekologie.com/2007/12/10/imobile-watch-phone.jpg
Interval Schedule
• Fixed Interval Schedule:
• Reinforcement comes after
a certain amount of time.
• Ex: You have a quiz every
Friday. You will be
reinforced to study each
week for that test. Probably
on Thursday.
http://www.cosmogirl.com/cm/cosmogirl/images/Kristensihzc6t0-med.jpg
Interval Schedule
• Variable Interval
Schedule
• Varying amounts of
time go by before you
are reinforced.
• Ex: Pop quizzes
http://www.yesweekly.com/imgs/hed/art552widea.jpg
Variable Interval Schedule
• Makes students more
likely to study EVERY
night because they
never know when the
next quiz will be.
http://home.comcast.net/~markthoma/Graphics/skipclass.jpg
Fixed Ratio Schedule
• A behavior must happen a certain number of
times before someone receives reinforcement.
• Ex: Buy 3 sandwiches, get one free
Variable Ratio Schedule
• When the ratio of reinforcement randomly
changes.
• Ex: Slot Machines
• Sometimes you can win $20 after one try.
• Sometimes you play 50 times and you only
win $5
Extinction
• If reinforcement no
longer occurs, a
behavior may stop
happening.
• Ex: You stop passing
tests no matter how
much you study. SO,
you stop studying.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_lctXUx9NVYw/SV1YxedY_EI/AAAAAAAALtU/iKt51fcA_vU/s1600/nostudyin
Operant Conditioning in Education:
• Classroom Discipline
• Learning
• Shaping
Shaping
• A way of teaching
complex things by first
teaching small steps.
• Ex: Learning to ride a
bike
http://i.ehow.com/images/a04/ek/v4/training-wheels-work-800X800.jpg
Classroom Discipline
• In the classroom you are
given positive
reinforcement for
answering questions right:
• Good job!
• Negative Reinforcement for
answering questions right,
take away homework! 
es?imgurl=http://www.concept-stickers-and-cards.com/images/math-sticker2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www
Cognitive Factors in Learning
•
What people and animals know because of
learning.
2 kinds of cognitive learning:
1. Latent Learning
2. Observational Learning
Latent Learning
• Learning that you don’t
think about unless you
need it.
• Ex: You have learned
where things in your
house are but you don’t
think about where
everything is UNLESS
you need to find
something.
http://sprinkledinpink.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/mg_9811.jpg
Observational Learning
• When we learn how to
do something by
watching another
person do it.
• Ex: Play a sport
http://www.redsevenexperiences.co.uk/images/products/81_1.jpg
Review
• 1. What are the 2 main types of conditioning
and how do they work/differ from one
another?
• 2. How can operant conditioning help
someone to get over a fear?
• 3. What types of reinforcement can be used
to help change behavior?
• 4. What is the difference between latent
learning and observational learning?
Key Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Classical conditioning
Stimulus/response
Ivan Pavlov
US, UR, CS, CR
Extinction
Taste aversion
Spontaneous recovery
Flooding
Systematic
desensitization
• Operant conditioning
• B.F. Skinner
• Primary/secondary
reinforcement
• Positive/negative
reinforcement
• Punishment
• Other types of
reinforcement
• Latent learning
• Observational learning
Multiple Choice Test
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ivan Pavlov is famous for his findings on classical conditioning by testing
the effects of ringing a bell on.....
–
people
–
rabbits
–
frogs
–
dogs
The idea that you can learn how to swing a golf club by watching
someone else do it is called:
–
Latent learning
–
Observational learning
–
Positive reinforcement
–
Programmed learning
Learning that is hidden in your subconscious until it is needed (like when
you remember when things are in your kitchen only when you need to
use them) is called:
–
Latent learning
–
Programmed learning
–
Observational learning
–
Media learning
Many psychologists believe that trying to get over a fear using
_______________ may be too difficult for many people.
–
flooding
–
extinction
–
systematic desensitization
–
generalization
______________________ helps people to get over their fears by
teaching them relaxation techniques to use as they are gradually exposed
to the things they fear.
–
flooding
–
generalization
–
systematic desensitization
–
extinction
•
Conditioning children to like going to the doctor by giving them
candy every time they go to the doctor is an example of
_____________________.
–
Classical conditioning
–
Operant conditioning
–
Aerobic conditioning
–
Counter conditioning
•
Food, water and warmth are all examples of _________________
–
Primary reinforcers
–
Secondary reinforcers
–
Building reinforcers
–
None of the above
•
Money, attention and social approval are all examples of
__________________.
–
Primary reinforcers
–
Secondary reinforcers
–
Life reinforcers
–
None of the above
•
True/False
•
____ Negative reinforcement decreases the frequency of a
desired behavior.
•
•
•
•
•
____ Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of a desired
behavior.
____ Punishment is different from negative reinforcement.