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AP PSYCHOLOGY Unit XIV - Overview • • • • • • • Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions – Module 74 Conformity and Obedience – Module 75 Group Behavior – Module 76 Prejudice and Discrimination – Module 77 Aggression – Module 78 Attraction – Module 79 Altruism, Conflict, and Peacemaking – Module 80 To aid in your note taking… I suggest that you print these as note pages. As you read each day, use them to add your own notes. Social Psychology Introduction Module 74 Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions Introduction • Social Psychology • What is the focus of the social psychologist? The Fundamental Attribution Error • Attribution theory –Dispositional vs. situational attribution –Examples: –Fundamental attribution error –Self-serving bias –Example: Attitudes and Actions Attitudes Affect Actions • Attitude –Central route persuasion –Example: –Peripheral route persuasion –Example: Attitudes and Actions Actions Affect Attitudes: The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon • The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon –“start small and build” –Example: Attitudes and Actions Actions Affect Attitudes: Role Playing Affects Attitudes • Role-Playing Affects Attitudes –Role - Stanford prison study –Who and what? –Abu Ghraib –Who and what? Attitudes and Actions Actions Affect Attitudes: Cognitive Dissonance: Relief from Tension • Cognitive Dissonance: Relief From Tension –Cognitive dissonance theory –Example: –“Attitudes follow behavior” Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures – Module 75 Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures Automatic Mimicry • Chameleon effect • Example: • Mood linkage Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures Conformity and Social Norms • Conformity –Solomon Asch study –Describe: Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures Conformity and Social Norms Draw Figure 75.1 and explain Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures Conformity and Social Norms • Conditions That Strengthen Conformity – One is made to feel incompetent or insecure – Group has at least three people – Group is unanimous – One admires the group’s status – One has made no prior commitment – Others in group observe one’s behavior – One’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures Conformity and Social Norms • Reasons for Conforming –Normative social influence –Example: –Informational social influence –Example: Obedience: Following Orders • Obedience –Milgram’s studies on obedience • Procedure • Results • Ethics • Follow up studies Obedience: Following Orders Lessons From the Obedience Studies • Ordinary people being corrupted by an evil situation • What did these experiments demonstrate? Social Facilitation • Social Facilitation –Task difficulty –Example –Expertise effects –Example –Crowding effects –Example Social Loafing • Social Loafing • Define. –Reasons why? • Less accountability • View themselves as dispensable Deinviduation • Deindividuation • With an example, can you describe? Group Polarization • Group Polarization • Discuss. Group Polarization • Group Polarization Groupthink • Groupthink –Bay of Pigs –What? –Challenger explosion –How does this relate to Groupthink? The Power of Individuals • Social control vs personal control • Difference? • Minority influence • Example: Cultural Influences • Culture –Culture within animals What? –Culture in humans –What? Cultural Influences Variation Across Cultures • Norm –Culture shock –Example: –Pace of life –Example: Cultural Influences Variation Over Time • Changes over the generations • What? Prejudice • Prejudice • Example: • Stereotype • Example: • Discrimination • Example: Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People? Summarize: Prejudice Social Roots of Prejudice: Social Inequalities • Just world phenomenon • Example: • Blame the victim • What? Prejudice Social Roots of Prejudice: Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup • Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup –Ingroup –Example: –Outgroup: –Example: –Ingroup bias –Example: Prejudice Emotional Roots of Prejudice • Emotional roots of prejudice –Scapegoat theory –What? –Economic variables –Negative emotions Prejudice Cognitive Roots of Prejudice • Categorization – Outgroup homogeneity – Other-race effect – Examples: • Vivid cases • Believing the world is just – Hindsight bias – Example: The Biology of Aggression • Genetic Influences • What? • Neural Influences • What? • Biochemical Influences • What? Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression Aversive Events • Aversive Events –Frustration-aggression principle –Example: • Social and cultural influences –Aggression-replacement program Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression Aversive Events: • Reinforcement and Modeling – Aggression-replacement program – What? • Media Model for Violence – Social scripts – Example: • What does your author say about violent video games teaching social scripts for violence? The Psychology of Attraction Proximity • Proximity –Mere exposure effect –Example: The Psychology of Attraction Physical Attractiveness • Physical attractiveness • Example: The Psychology of Attraction Similarity • Similarity – Positive correlation between similarity and liking – Yes or No? – Reward theory of attraction – Example: Romantic Love • Love – Passionate love – What? – Companionate love – What? • Equity • Example: • Self-disclosure • Example: Altruism • Altruism – Kitty Genovese – Who? • Bystander Intervention – Diffusion of responsibility – What? – Bystander effect – Example: Altruism Figure 80.1 Draw or summarize. Altruism Summarize Figure 80.2 Altruism The Norms for Helping • • • • • Social exchange theory Example: Reciprocity norm Example: Social-responsibility norm Example: Conflict and Peacemaking Elements of Conflict • Conflict • Example: • Social trap What is the non-zero sum game? Summarize Figure 80.3. Conflict and Peacemaking Elements of Conflict: Enemy Perceptions • Mirror-image perceptions • Example: • Self-fulfilling prophecy • Example: Conflict and Peacemaking Promoting Peace • Contact • Example: • Cooperation What? –Superordinate goals –Example: Conflict and Peacemaking Promoting Peace • • • • Communication Example: Conciliation Example: • GRIT – What? • Which social psychologist advocated this strategy? Now what? It would behoove you to answer the MC questions at the end of each Module. If you would like the correct answers, come see me before or after school!