Download Attitudes and the Spiritual Life-003

Attitudes and the Spiritual
Life-003
Personality; Attitudes; Review of
The Big Five; Jung and the MBTI
The Goal of the Attitudes Study
• We have identified 12 Spiritual Life Factors and introduced
them in our SLB Series.
• The goal of the Attitudes and Spiritual Living Series is to
make each of these steps “practice-able” in our daily
confrontation with the World, the Flesh and the Devil, in
the form of situations and people who afford us the
opportunity to demonstrate the Nature of God that He has
given us in our Regeneration - the Genetic Reservoir of
Righteousness.
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Unskilled and Unaware of It
• Abstract
People tend to hold overly favorable views of their abilities
in many social and intellectual domains.
• The authors suggest that this overestimation occurs, in
part, because people who are unskilled in these domains
suffer a dual burden: Not only do these people reach
erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices, but
their incompetence robs them of the metacognitive ability
to realize it.
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Unskilled and Unaware of It
• Matthew 13:13 (AMP)
•
• 13 This is the reason that I speak to them in
parables: because having the power of
seeing, they do not see; and having the
power of hearing, they do not hear, nor do
they grasp and understand.
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The Goal of the Attitudes Study
• It is well recognized fact that every human being
has a personality.
• It is not merely your consciousness.
• It is not merely your behaviors.
• It is not merely your physical expression.
• It is not merely your style.
• It is not merely your temperament.
• But, they all, and many other characteristics, are
expressions of your personality.
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The Goal of the Attitudes Study
• Personality can be defined as a dynamic and
organized set of characteristics possessed by a
person that uniquely influences his or her
cognition, motivations, and behaviors in various
situations (Ryckman, 2004).
• The word "personality" originates from the greek
persona, which means mask. Significantly, in the
theatre of the ancient Latin-speaking world, the
mask was not used as a plot device to disguise
the identity of a character, but rather was a
convention employed to represent or typify that
character.
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Attitudes
• Unlike personality, attitudes are expected to
change as a function of experience. Tesser
(1993) has argued that hereditary variables
may affect attitudes - but believes that they
may do so indirectly. For example, if one
inherits the disposition to become an
extrovert, this may affect one's attitude to
certain styles of music. There are numerous
theories of attitude formation and attitude
change.
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• A propositional attitude is a relational mental state
connecting a person to a proposition. They are often
assumed to be the simplest components of thought and
can express meanings or content that can be true or false.
In being a type of attitude they imply that a person can
have different mental postures towards a proposition, for
example, believing, desiring, or hoping, and thus they
imply intentionality.Linguistically, they are denoted by an
embedded "that" clause, for example, 'Sally believed that
she had won'.Propositional attitudes have directions of fit:
some are meant to reflect the world, others to influence it.
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• Attitude is one of Jung's 57 definitions in
Chapter XI of Psychological Types. Jung's
definition of attitude is a "readiness of the
psyche to act or react in a certain way"
(Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 687).
• a complex mental state involving beliefs
and feelings and values and dispositions to
act in certain ways; "he had the attitude that
work was fun"
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• Attitude: A relatively stable and enduring
predisposition to behave or react in a
characteristic way.
•
The American Heritageｨ Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 2nd Edition Copyright
ｩ 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin
Company. All rights reserved.
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• Attitude: Definition Attitude can be defined
as readiness to respond to a psychological
object with some degree of favorableness.
• The evaluative reaction of favor or disfavor
can range from extremely negative to
extremely positive, through the neutral
point, on a dimension such as: ﾒgood ﾐ bad
ﾓ, ﾒpleasant ﾐ unpleasantﾓ, or ﾒin favor ﾐ
opposedﾓ.
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• Attitude:
• Attitude is the affect for or against a psychological object
(Thurstone, 1932).
• Attitude is a learned predisposition to respond in a
consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect
to a given object (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975).
• Attitude is a psychological tendency that is expressed by
evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or
disfavor (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993).
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• Early definitions of attitudes
• 1. COMPREHENSIVE DEFINITION
• An attitude is a mental or neural state of
readiness, organized through experience,
exerting a directive or dynamic influence on
the individual's response to all objects and
situations to which it is related (Allport,
1935).
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• 2. SET
• [An attitude] denotes the general set of the
organism as a whole toward an object or a
• situation which calls for adjustment
(Lundberg, 1929).
• 3. READINESS TO ACT
• [Attitudes connote] a condition of readiness
for a certain type of activity (Warren, 1934).
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• 4. PERMANENCE
• [Attitudes represent] a more or less permanently enduring
state of readiness of mental
• organization which predisposes an individual to react in a
characteristic way (Cantril, 1934).
• 5. AFFECT
• Attitude is the affect for or against a psychological object
(Thurstone, 1931).
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• 6. EVALUATIVE NATURE
• An attitude is a tendency to act toward or against
something in the environment, which becomes
thereby a positive or negative value (Bogardus,
1931).
• 7. LEARNED NATURE
• An attitude, roughly, is a residuum of experience,
by which further activity is conditioned and
controlled ... We may think of attitudes as
acquired tendencies to act in specific ways
toward objects (Krueger & Reckless, 1931).
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• More recent definitions of attitudes
• 8. PREDISPOSITION
• An attitude is a predisposition to
experience, to be motivated by, and to act
toward, a class of objects in a predictable
manner (Smith, Bruner, & White, 1956).
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• 9. UNI-COMPONENT
• Attitudes are likes and dislikes (Bem,
1970).
• 10. FUNCTIONAL DEFINITION
• Attitudes are summary judgments of an
objector event which aid individuals in
structuring their complex social
environments (Fazio, 1986).
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• 11. RECENT DEFINITION
• Attitude is a psychological tendency that is
expressed by evaluating a particular entity
with some degree of favor or disfavor
(Eagly & Chaiken, 1993).
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The Appraisal Filters
Physical
Emotional
Mood
Values
Attribution
Beliefs
Self Esteem
Appraisal
Self Concept
Self Image
Affect
Attitude
Knowledge
Cognition
Behavior
Script
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The Appraisal Filters
Physical
Emotional
Mood
Values
Attribution
Beliefs
Self Esteem
Attitude
Self Concept
Self Image
Affect
Appraisal
Knowledge
Cognition
Behavior
Script
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• In psychology, the Big Five personality
traits are five broad factors or dimensions
of personality discovered through empirical
research (Goldberg, 1993). They are:
• 1. Neuroticism
• 2. Extraversion
• 3. Agreeableness
• 4. Conscientiousness
• 5. Openness to Experience
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Each factor consists of a number of more
specific traits.
• For example, extraversion includes such
related qualities as sociability, excitement
seeking, and positive emotions.
• The Big Five are a descriptive model of
personality, not a theory, although
psychologists have developed theories to
account for the Big Five.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Extraversion (also "extroversion") is marked by
pronounced engagement with the external world.
• Extraverts enjoy being with people, are full of energy, and
often experience positive emotions.
• They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals
who are likely to say "Yes!" or "Let's go!" to opportunities
for excitement.
• In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw
attention to themselves.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Introverts lack the exuberance, energy, and
activity levels of extraverts.
• They tend to be quiet, low-key, deliberate,
and less dependent on the social world.
• Their lack of social involvement should not
be interpreted as shyness or depression;
the introvert simply needs less stimulation
than an extravert and more time alone to recharge their batteries.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Agreeableness
• Agreeableness reflects individual differences in concern
with cooperation and social harmony.
• Agreeable individuals value getting along with others.
• They are therefore considerate, friendly, generous, helpful,
and willing to compromise their interests with others’.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Conscientiousness
• Conscientiousness concerns the way in which we control,
regulate, and direct our impulses.
• Impulses are not inherently bad; occasionally time
constraints require a snap decision, and acting on our first
impulse can be an effective response.
• Also, in times of play rather than work, acting
spontaneously and impulsively can be fun.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Neuroticism
• Neuroticism, also known inversely as
Emotional Stability, refers to the tendency
to experience negative emotions.
• Those who score high on Neuroticism may
experience primarily one specific negative
feeling such as anxiety, anger, or
depression, but are likely to experience
several of these emotions.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Openness to Experience
• Openness to Experience describes a
dimension of personality that distinguishes
imaginative, creative people from down-toearth, conventional people.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Heritability studies
• All five factors show an influence from both
heredity and environment.
• Twin studies such as those of Kerry Jang
(Journal of Personality, 64, 577-591)
suggest that these effects contribute in
roughly equal proportion.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Change and development
• During young adulthood, a person's ratings
on the five factors may change, with
average levels of Agreeableness and
Conscientiousness typically increasing, and
with Extraversion, Neuroticism, and
Openness generally decreasing.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• However, after age 30, researchers have found
that stability, not change is the general rule.
• This is not to say that personality as measured on
the Big Five cannot change, given life altering
circumstances or efforts to do so.
• It does indicate, however, that after age 30,
people generally do not change their personalities
very much
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Gender differences
• Men and women show differences in Big
Five scores across cultures, with women
scoring higher in both the Agreeableness
and Neuroticism domains.
• These findings may indicate innate gender
differences in personality, but are not
conclusive.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• McAdams (1995) has called the Big Five a
"psychology of the stranger," because they refer
to traits that are relatively easy to observe in a
stranger; other aspects of personality that are
more privately held or more context-dependent
are excluded from the Big Five.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• In many studies, the five factors are not fully
orthogonal to one another; that is, the five
factors are not independent.
• Negative correlations often appear between
Neuroticism and Extraversion, for instance,
indicating that those who are more prone to
experiencing negative emotions tend to be
less talkative and outgoing.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Orthogonality is viewed as desirable by
some researchers because it minimizes
redundancy between the dimensions.
• This is particularly important when the goal
of a study is to provide a comprehensive
description of personality with as few
variables as possible.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Methodological issues
• The methodology used to identify the dimensional
structure of personality traits, factor analysis, is
often challenged for not having a universallyrecognized basis for choosing among solutions
with different numbers of factors.
• That is, a five factor solution depends on some
degree of interpretation by the analyst.
• Also, a larger number of factors may, in fact,
underlie these five factors.
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Psychology Terms
• Passive - Repressed feelings or preferences.
• Resigning decisions and preferences to the whims of
others.
• Not acknowledging one's own viewpoints, likes, dislikes, or
ideas.
• Emotionally hiding.
• A need to become inconspicuous or "invisible."
• A fear of self-expression.
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Psychology Terms
• Aggressive - A direct attempt to control and
influence others and situations by
threatening words, posture, innuendos,
anger, or bullying.
• An invasion of the personal space of others.
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Psychology Terms
• Passive/aggressive - A resistance to expectations
or demands made in an indirect way so the
person cannot be directly blamed.
• Manipulation through procrastination, dawdling,
stubbornness, intentional inefficiency, and
forgetfulness.
• Indirect attacks made by vague or intentionally
misunderstood comments.
• Attempts to indirectly control others and
situations.
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Psychology Terms
• Borderline - Mood and self-image problems
resulting in depression, amounts of anger,
problems in coping with being alone,
feelings of emptiness or boredom.
• This type can become enraged and violent.
• They are dangerous to those who live with
them.
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Psychology Terms
• Narcissistic - A grandiose sense of selfimportance or success.
• Self-centered behavior and a feeling the
rules do not apply to them.
• Preoccupation and an exaggerated view of
their beauty, wealth, status, power, or
achievements.
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Psychology Terms
• Narcissistic (continued)
• Fantasies involving unrealistic goals.
• A sense of entitlement and self-importance
leading to a lack of empathy, exploitation of
relationships, and devaluing others.
• This describes the attitude of the Inherited
Genetic Human Nature.
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Psychology Terms
• Antisocial - Violating the rights of others.
Lying, cheating, stealing, fighting, truancy,
aggressive sexual behavior, abuse of
children and/or spouse, drug abuse,
drunkenness, inability to hold down a job,
and/or the inability to keep a meaningful
personal relationship.
• Feeling that others are against them ... they
are probably correct as no one in their right
mind would like them.
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Psychology Terms
•
•
•
•
•
Sociopath - Having no moral compass.
Having no empathy.
Unable to feel for or with others.
Having no conscience.
Most sociopaths are outgoing, friendly,
manipulative, and very self-concerned.
• Many counselors feel this is one of the two
incurable conditions, pedophilia being the other.
• On the other hand, many politicians fall into this
category.
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Psychology Terms
• Assertive - Usually considered a healthy
stance in which a person asserts and
protects the right to have ideas, opinions,
and personal space that does not violate
the rights of others.
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MBTI
• Another personality typing system is the
MBTI, which was based on the work of Carl
Jung.
• The MBTl is based upon Carl Jung's
notions of psychological types.
• According to Jung, some of us are
extraverts and some are introverts.
• (Most of these information is taken from
McGuire and Hull - 1997.)
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MBTI
• These labels refer to the way information is
processed.
• They do not necessarily indicate how a
person acts directly, although action must
be a by-product of thought.
• Each type can be classified into this matrix
of archetypes and planes.
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MBTI
• The information adds insight into the ways a
person thinks and perceives.
• Keep in mind these are simply ways to
group certain types of personalities together
according to a common mode or function.
• Although the basic typing system was
conceived by Carl Jung, the data was
adapted years later by Myers and Briggs.
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MBTI
• The MBTI was first developed by Isabel
Briggs Myers (1897-1979) and her mother,
Katharine Cook Briggs.
• Myers had a bachelor's degree in political
science from Swarthmore College and no
academic affiliation.
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MBTI
• The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is
an instrument for measuring a person's
preferences, using four basic scales with
opposite poles.
• The four scales are:
• 1. Extraversion/Introversion
• 2. Sensate/Intuitive
• 3. Thinking/Feeling
• 4. Judging/Perceiving
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MBTI
• The four planes can be understood by
saying that a person can see things with his
sensations, can classify things with his
thinking, evaluate things with his feelings,
and estimate possibilities with his intuition.
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