Download Attitude - Living Word

Attitudes and the Spiritual
Life-005
How Man Tries to Understand
Mankind: Review of The Big Five;
Jung and the MBTI
The Goal of the Attitudes Study
• We have identified 12 Spiritual Life Factors and
introduced them in our SLB Series.
• The goal of the Attitudes and Spiritual Living
Series is to make each of these steps “practiceable” in our daily confrontation with the World, the
Flesh and the Devil, who come to us in the form of
situations and people who afford us the
opportunity to demonstrate the Nature of God that
He has given us in our Regeneration - the Genetic
Reservoir of Righteousness.
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Unskilled and Unaware of It
• Abstract
People tend to hold overly favorable views of their
abilities in many social and intellectual domains.
• The authors suggest that this overestimation
occurs, in part, because people who are unskilled
in these domains suffer a dual burden: Not only do
these people reach erroneous conclusions and
make unfortunate choices, but their incompetence
robs them of the metacognitive ability to realize it.
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Unskilled and Unaware of It
• Matthew 13:13 (AMP)
•
• 13 This is the reason that I speak to them in
parables: because having the power of
seeing, they do not see; and having the
power of hearing, they do not hear, nor do
they grasp and understand.
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The Goal of the Attitudes Study
• Personality can be defined as a dynamic and
organized set of characteristics possessed by a
person that uniquely influences his or her
cognition, motivations, and behaviors in various
situations (Ryckman, 2004).
• The word "personality" originates from the greek
persona, which means mask. Significantly, in the
theatre of the ancient Latin-speaking world, the
mask was not used as a plot device to disguise
the identity of a character, but rather was a
convention employed to represent or typify that
character.
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Attitudes
• Unlike personality, attitudes are expected to
change as a function of experience. Tesser
(1993) has argued that hereditary variables
may affect attitudes - but believes that they
may do so indirectly.
• For example, if one inherits the disposition
to become an extrovert, this may affect
one's attitude to certain styles of music.
There are numerous theories of attitude
formation and attitude change.
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• Attitude is one of Jung's 57 definitions in
Chapter XI of Psychological Types. Jung's
definition of attitude is a "readiness of the
psyche to act or react in a certain way"
(Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 687).
• A complex mental state involving beliefs
and feelings and values and dispositions to
act in certain ways; "he had the attitude that
work was fun"
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The Appraisal Filters
Physical
Emotional
Mood
Values
Attribution
Beliefs
Self Esteem
Appraisal
Self Concept
Self Image
Affect
Attitude
Knowledge
Cognition
Behavior
Script
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The Appraisal Filters
Physical
Emotional
Mood
Values
Attribution
Beliefs
Self Esteem
Attitude
Self Concept
Self Image
Affect
Appraisal
Knowledge
Cognition
Behavior
Script
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• Attitude: A relatively stable and enduring
predisposition to behave or react in a
characteristic way.
•
The American Heritageｨ Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 2nd Edition Copyright
2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• An attitude is a mental or neural state of
readiness, organized through experience,
exerting a directive or dynamic influence on
the individual's response to all objects and
situations to which it is related (Allport,
1935).
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The Goal of the ASL Study
•
[Attitudes represent] a more or less permanently
enduring state of readiness of mental organization
which predisposes an individual to react in a
characteristic way (Cantril, 1934).
• An attitude, roughly, is a residuum of experience,
by which further activity is conditioned and
controlled ... We may think of attitudes as
acquired tendencies to act in specific ways
toward objects (Krueger & Reckless, 1931).
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• An attitude is a predisposition to
experience, to be motivated by, and to act
toward, a class of objects in a predictable
manner (Smith, Bruner, & White, 1956).
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• Attitudes are summary judgments of an
object or event which aid individuals in
structuring their complex social
environments (Fazio, 1986).
• Attitude is a psychological tendency that is
expressed by evaluating a particular entity
with some degree of favor or disfavor
(Eagly & Chaiken, 1993).
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The Appraisal Filters
Physical
Emotional
Mood
Values
Attribution
Beliefs
Self Esteem
Appraisal
Self Concept
Self Image
Affect
Attitude
Knowledge
Cognition
Behavior
Script
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The Appraisal Filters
Physical
Emotional
Mood
Values
Attribution
Beliefs
Self Esteem
Attitude
Self Concept
Self Image
Affect
Appraisal
Knowledge
Cognition
Behavior
Script
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• In psychology, the Big Five personality
traits are five broad factors or dimensions
of personality discovered through empirical
research (Goldberg, 1993). They are:
• 1. Neuroticism
• 2. Extraversion
• 3. Agreeableness
• 4. Conscientiousness
• 5. Openness to Experience
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Extraversion (also "extroversion") is marked by
pronounced engagement with the external world.
• Extraverts enjoy being with people, are full of energy, and
often experience positive emotions.
• They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals
who are likely to say "Yes!" or "Let's go!" to opportunities
for excitement.
• In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw
attention to themselves.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Introverts lack the exuberance, energy, and
activity levels of extraverts.
• They tend to be quiet, low-key, deliberate,
and less dependent on the social world.
• Their lack of social involvement should not
be interpreted as shyness or depression;
the introvert simply needs less stimulation
than an extravert and more time alone to recharge their batteries.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Agreeableness
• Agreeableness reflects individual differences in concern
with cooperation and social harmony.
• Agreeable individuals value getting along with others.
• They are therefore considerate, friendly, generous, helpful,
and willing to compromise their interests with others’.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Conscientiousness
• Conscientiousness concerns the way in which we control,
regulate, and direct our impulses.
• Impulses are not inherently bad; occasionally time
constraints require a snap decision, and acting on our first
impulse can be an effective response.
• Also, in times of play rather than work, acting
spontaneously and impulsively can be fun.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Neuroticism
• Neuroticism, also known inversely as
Emotional Stability, refers to the tendency
to experience negative emotions.
• Those who score high on Neuroticism may
experience primarily one specific negative
feeling such as anxiety, anger, or
depression, but are likely to experience
several of these emotions.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• Openness to Experience
• Openness to Experience describes a
dimension of personality that distinguishes
imaginative, creative people from down-toearth, conventional people.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• McAdams (1995) has called the Big Five a
"psychology of the stranger," because they refer
to traits that are relatively easy to observe in a
stranger; other aspects of personality that are
more privately held or more context-dependent
are excluded from the Big Five.
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Psychology Terms
• Passive - Repressed feelings or preferences.
• Resigning decisions and preferences to the whims of
others.
• Not acknowledging one's own viewpoints, likes, dislikes, or
ideas.
• Emotionally hiding.
• A need to become inconspicuous or "invisible."
• A fear of self-expression.
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Psychology Terms
• Aggressive - A direct attempt to control and
influence others and situations by
threatening words, posture, innuendos,
anger, or bullying.
• An invasion of the personal space of others.
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Psychology Terms
• Passive/aggressive - A resistance to expectations
or demands made in an indirect way so the
person cannot be directly blamed.
• Manipulation through procrastination, dawdling,
stubbornness, intentional inefficiency, and
forgetfulness.
• Indirect attacks made by vague or intentionally
misunderstood comments.
• Attempts to indirectly control others and
situations.
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Psychology Terms
• Borderline - Mood and self-image problems
resulting in depression, amounts of anger,
problems in coping with being alone,
feelings of emptiness or boredom.
• This type can become enraged and violent.
• They are dangerous to those who live with
them.
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Psychology Terms
• Narcissistic - A grandiose sense of selfimportance or success.
• Self-centered behavior and a feeling the
rules do not apply to them.
• Preoccupation and an exaggerated view of
their beauty, wealth, status, power, or
achievements.
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Psychology Terms
• Narcissistic (continued)
• Fantasies involving unrealistic goals.
• A sense of entitlement and self-importance
leading to a lack of empathy, exploitation of
relationships, and devaluing others.
• This describes the attitude of the Inherited
Genetic Human Nature.
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Psychology Terms
• Antisocial - Violating the rights of others.
Lying, cheating, stealing, fighting, truancy,
aggressive sexual behavior, abuse of
children and/or spouse, drug abuse,
drunkenness, inability to hold down a job,
and/or the inability to keep a meaningful
personal relationship.
• Feeling that others are against them ... they
are probably correct as no one in their right
mind would like them.
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Psychology Terms
•
•
•
•
•
Sociopath - Having no moral compass.
Having no empathy.
Unable to feel for or with others.
Having no conscience.
Most sociopaths are outgoing, friendly,
manipulative, and very self-concerned.
• Many counselors feel this is one of the two
incurable conditions, pedophilia being the other.
• On the other hand, many politicians fall into this
category.
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Psychology Terms
• Assertive - Usually considered a healthy
stance in which a person asserts and
protects the right to have ideas, opinions,
and personal space that does not violate
the rights of others.
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MBTI
• Another personality typing system is the
MBTI, which was based on the work of Carl
Jung.
• The MBTl is based upon Carl Jung's
notions of psychological types.
• According to Jung, some of us are
extraverts and some are introverts.
• (Most of these information is taken from
McGuire and Hull - 1997.)
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MBTI
• The information adds insight into the ways a
person thinks and perceives.
• Keep in mind these are simply ways to
group certain types of personalities together
according to a common mode or function.
• Although the basic typing system was
conceived by Carl Jung, the data was
adapted years later by Myers and Briggs.
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MBTI
• The MBTI was first developed by Isabel
Briggs Myers (1897-1979) and her mother,
Katharine Cook Briggs.
• Myers had a bachelor's degree in political
science from Swarthmore College and no
academic affiliation.
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MBTI
• The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is
an instrument for measuring a person's
preferences, using four basic scales with
opposite poles.
• The four scales are:
• 1. Extraversion/Introversion
• 2. Sensate/Intuitive
• 3. Thinking/Feeling
• 4. Judging/Perceiving
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MBTI
• The four planes can be understood by
saying that a person can see things with his
sensations, can classify things with his
thinking, evaluate things with his feelings,
and estimate possibilities with his intuition.
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MBTI: 1.
Extraversion/Introversion
• 1. Extraversion/Introversion
• Do you like to: have action, variety, talk to people,
spontaneity, be part of the crowd?
• Then you are an extravert.
• Do you like to: have things quiet, have time to
think things out, set your own standards, work
alone, move with caution or consideration?
• Then you are an introvert.
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MBTI
• Extraverts are more influenced by their
surroundings than by their own intentions.
• The extravert is the person who goes by the
influence of the external world, other
people, society, or sense perceptions.
• Jung also claims that the world in general,
particularly America, is extraverted and the
introvert has no place, because he doesn't
know that he beholds the world from within.
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MBTI
• The introvert goes by the subjective factor.
• He bases himself on the world from within
and is always afraid of the external world.
• He always has resentment.
• Jung also claimed that there is no such
thing as a pure extravert or a pure introvert
-- such a man would be in the lunatic
asylum -- they are only terms to designate a
certain penchant or a certain tendency.
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MBTI
• The tendency to be more influenced by
environmental factors, or more influenced
by the subjective factor defines the introvert
or extravert.
• The line between the two is a gray area and
depends on the circumstance at the time.
• There are people who are fairly well
balanced and are just as much influenced
from within as from without, or just as little.
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MBTI - 2. Sensate/Intuitive
• 2. Sensate/Intuitive
• Do you like to: experience things as they
happen, use your senses to take in the
environment, stick with standard problems,
stay away from new problems or issues,
keep things simple, approach things in a
down-to-earth way?
• Then you are a sensate.
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MBTI - 2. Sensate/Intuitive
• Do you like to: pay attention to patterns and
how things fit together, hidden meanings of
words or phrases, figuring out new or better
ways of doing things, not staying in the old
ruts, viewing things from a big picture level?
• Then you are an intuitive.
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MBTI: 3. Thinking/Feeling
• 3. Thinking/Feeling
• Jung claimed that thinking/feeling is another
dichotomy to be used in psychological
typing.
• "Thinking, roughIy speaking, tells you what
something is.
• Feeling tells you whether it is agreeable or
not, to be accepted or rejected."
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MBTI: 3. Thinking/Feeling
• 3. Thinking/Feeling
• Do you like to: have things logical, black and white, fair
and just,
• straightforward and to the point? Then you are a thinking
type.
• Do you like to: decide things by your heart, take people's
feelings into consideration, predict how others would feel
about things, keep harmony and shun conflict? Then you
are a feeling type.
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MBTI: 4. Judging/Perceiving
• 4. Judging/Perceiving
• Do you like to: have a plan of action, decide things ahead
of time, have your mind made up, live by the rules, have
things come out so that the good guys win? Then you are
a judging type.
• Do you like to: handle things as they come up, go with the
flow, have a lot of irons in the fire, be exposed to new
information, be in the action and not miss anything? Then
you are a perceiving type.
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MBTI
• The combinations of preferences result in
16 personality types.
• The MBTI is said to be the most widely
used personality inventory in history.
• A profile for each of the sixteen types has
been developed.
• Each profile consists of a list of
characteristics frequently associated with
each type, such as:
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MBTI
• Myers-Briggs’ instrument generates sixteen
distinct personality profiles based on which side of
the four scales one tends toward.
• Several studies have shown that when retested,
even after intervals as short as five weeks, as
many as 50 percent will be classified into a
different type.
• This may be due to having personality types so
close to the midpoint that a situation or mood
swing places the person on the other side of the
line.
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MBTI
• The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is
an instrument for measuring a person's
preferences, using four basic scales with
opposite poles.
• The four scales are:
• 1. Extraversion/Introversion
• 2. Sensate/Intuitive
• 3. Thinking/Feeling
• 4. Judging/Perceiving
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