Download Introduction to Psychology

ABNORMAL TRUE/ FALSE
1. In some cultures, depression and schizophrenia are
nonexistent
2. The eating disorders Anorexia nervosa and bulimia
nervosa occur mostly in Western cultures
3. Identical twins raised separately sometimes develop
similar phobias
4. Dissociative identity disorder is a type of schizophrenia
5. In large amounts alcohol is a depressant: in small
amounts it is a stimulant
6. Tobacco products are as addictive as heroin and cocaine
7. Anxiety is the number one reason people seek mental
health services
8. Most major depressive episodes will end only if the
person undergoes therapy
9. In N. America, today’s young adults are three times as
likely as their grandparents to report having experienced
depression
10.There is strong evidence for a genetic predisposition to
schizophrenia
Psychological Disorders
 Psychological Disorder
 a “harmful dysfunction” in which
behavior is judged to be:
 atypical--not enough in itself
 disturbing--varies with time and
culture
 maladaptive--harmful
 unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a
good reason
Historical Perspective
 Perceived Causes
 movements of sun or moon
 lunacy--full moon
 evil spirits
 Ancient Treatments
 exorcism, caged like animals, beaten,
burned, castrated, mutilated, blood
replaced with animal’s blood
Psychological Disorders
 Medical Model
 concept that diseases have physical causes
 can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases,
cured
 assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be
diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms
and cured through therapy, which may
include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
Psychological Disorders
 Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
 assumes that biological,
sociocultural, and psychological
factors combine and interact to
produce psychological disorders
Psychological Disorders
Psychological
Disorders--Etiology
 DSM-IV
 American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)
 a widely used system for classifying
psychological disorders
 presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR
(text revision)
Psychological
Disorders- Etiology
 Neurotic Disorder (term seldom used
now)
 usually distressing but that allows one
to think rationally and function socially
 Psychotic Disorder
 person loses contact with reality
 experiences irrational ideas and
distorted perceptions
Anxiety Disorders
 Anxiety Disorders
 distressing, persistent anxiety or
maladaptive behaviors that reduce
anxiety
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
 person is tense, apprehensive, and in a
state of autonomic nervous system
arousal
Anxiety Disorders
 Panic Disorder
 marked by a minutes-long episode of
intense dread in which a person
experiences terror and accompanying
chest pain, choking, or other frightening
sensation
Anxiety Disorders
 Phobia
 persistent, irrational fear of a specific object
or situation
 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
 unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions)
and/or actions (compulsions)
Anxiety Disorders
 Common and uncommon fears
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
 PET Scan of brain of
person with Obsessive/
Compulsive disorder
 High metabolic activity
(red) in frontal lobe
areas involved with
directing attention
What are mood disorders
Mood Disorders
 Mood Disorders
 characterized by emotional extremes
 Major Depressive Disorder
 a mood disorder in which a person, for
no apparent reason, experiences two or
more weeks of depressed moods,
feelings of worthlessness, and
diminished interest or pleasure in most
activities
Mood Disorders
 Manic Episode
 a mood disorder marked by a
hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
 Bipolar Disorder
 a mood disorder in which the person
alternates between the hopelessness
and lethargy of depression and the
overexcited state of mania
 formerly called manic-depressive
disorder
Mood DisordersDepression
Mood DisordersDepression
 Canadian depression rates
Mood DisordersSuicide
Mood DisordersBipolar
 PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with emotional switches
Depressed state
Manic state
Depressed state
Mood DisordersDepression
 Altering any one
component of
the chemistrycognition-mood
circuit can alter
the others
Mood DisordersDepression
 The vicious
cycle of
depression
can be
broken at
any point
Dissociative
Disorders
 Dissociative Disorders
 conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories,
thoughts, and feelings
 Dissociative Identity Disorder
 rare dissociative disorder in which a person
exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
personalities
 formerly called multiple personality disorder
Schizophrenia
 Schizophrenia
 literal translation “split mind”
 a group of severe disorders
characterized by:
 disorganized and delusional thinking
 disturbed perceptions
 inappropriate emotions and actions
Schizophrenia
 Delusions
 false beliefs, often of persecution or
grandeur, that may accompany
psychotic disorders
 Hallucinations
 sensory experiences without sensory
stimulation
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
 Personality Disorders
 disorders characterized by inflexible and
enduring behavior patterns that impair
social functioning
 usually without anxiety, depression, or
delusions
Personality Disorders
 Antisocial Personality Disorder
 disorder in which the person (usually
man) exhibits a lack of conscience for
wrongdoing, even toward friends and
family members
 may be aggressive and ruthless or a
clever con artist
Mood DisordersDepression
 Boys who
were later
convicted of
a crime
showed
relatively low
arousal
Personality Disorders
 PET scans illustrate reduced activation in
a murderer’s frontal cortex
Normal
Murderer
Personality Disorders
Rates of Psychological
Disorders