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Mood Disorders (aka – Affective Disorders) **Now divided into “Bipolar and Related Disorders” and “Depressive Disorders” in DSM-5** Mr. Koch AP Psychology Forest Lake High School Depressive Disorders • Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder • Major Depressive Disorder, Single and Recurrent Episodes • Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) • Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder • Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder • Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition • Other Specified Depressive Disorder • Unspecified Depressive Disorder Major Depression • Disorder where person feels sad, overwhelmed, hopeless for weeks or months • Typically lose interest in activities & relationships and take pleasure in nothing • Despite best efforts, everything from conversation to bathing is an unbearable, exhausting effort • Often exaggerated feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness, hopelessness, or guilt – Can begin suddenly or gradually – Single episode or repeated • “Common cold” of all disorders • 9.5% of pop. in any given year • 1 in 5 over lifetime • Young adults & women most susceptible Major Depression • To be diagnosed, must experience 5 of following (usually for >2wks): – – – – – – – – – Persistent depressed mood most of the day Loss of interest or pleasure in most activities Significant weight loss or gain Sleep changes Speeding up or slowing down of physical & emotional reactions Loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness, guilt Reduced concentration, inability to make meaningful decisions Recurring thoughts of death/suicide • (depression a factor in 40-70% of suicides) Related Disorders • Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) – Sad mood, lack of interest, loss of pleasure like Major Depression – but chronic in nature – Must last at least 2 years to qualify “specifiers” • Post-partum Depression – Major Depression that begins following birth of child • Seasonal Affective Disorder – Symptoms of depression connected to lack of sunlight in winter months Bipolar and Related Disorders • • • • Bipolar I Disorder Bipolar II Disorder Cyclothymic Disorder Substance/Medication-Induced Bipolar and Related Disorder • Bipolar and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition • Other Specified Bipolar and Related Disorder • Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorder Bipolar Disorder (formerly known as Manic Depressive Disorder) • Alternating b/w extremes of mood • depression & mania – Mania – extremely agitated, usually elated, emotional state • Usually very optimistic, extremely energetic, certain of extraordinary powers/abilities, bursting w/ ideas • May make impulsive/unwise decisions, irritated by those trying to reason or “slow them down” Manic Episode Variations of Disorder • Bipolar I – mania & deep depression • About 1% pop. – equal M/F • Bipolar II – major depression & hypomania (less severe) • Also 1% pop. • Cyclothymic Disorder – Bipolar equivalent of dysthymia – intensity less severe Bipolar I Major Depression Bipolar II Dysthymic Disorder Cyclothymic Disorder Causes of Depressive and Bipolar Disorders • Appears to be a genetic link • Clear connection with chemical imbalance • Depression – low norepinephrine & serotonin • Mania – high norepinephrine • Social Cognitive explanations: – Self-defeating beliefs, learned helplessness – But some research suggests depressed people assess world more accurately (but not adaptively) – Depressive Realism – Attribution of blame – Internal vs. external? – Stable vs. unstable? – Global vs. specific?