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Week 9-PS124 Most people with mental disorders have been overwhelmed by stress and can no longer cope. Another group suffer from disturbances created by chemical malfunctions. © West Educational Publishing Mental Disorders EXIT Causes of Mental Disorders Combination of these reasons © West Educational Publishing EXIT Definitions of Abnormal Behaviors 1. The person may have extreme anxiety, endless worry, and depression. 2. The person acts in bizarre ways. He or she cannot react normally or is constantly depressed. 3. The person cannot act out his or her role efficiently. 4. The person has self-defeating behaviors. 5. The person sees the world as threatening, dangerous, and rejecting. It is better to work on softening your world view. (Saphir- Whorf)EXIT © West Educational Publishing It’s All a Matter of Degree © West Educational Publishing EXIT Disorders of Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Description: Child may be unable to focus on a task easily distracted or frustrated impulsive constantly moving and restless Causes are still unknown Treatment varies Ritalin (stimulant) Structuring the child’s environment 1Educational /3 of cases continue into adulthood © West Publishing EXIT Sanjay’s Tips for helping with ADHD/ADD • 1. Being consistent in rules/regulations (from school to home and vice versa) • 2. Is the kid a kinesthetic learner? • 3. Reward physical activities outside the classroom with performance in the classroom. • 4. Are the parents fighting or giving inconsistent messages to the child? • 5. What does the child’s nutritional diet consist of? Cut out Yellow #5, RD#40, etc. Eat an organic, raw-foods diet, and cut out sugar, etc. • Check with a doctor and nutritionist first. © West Educational Publishing Autism Description: The child fails to develop communication patterns, social interactions, and emotional responses. is difficult to feed, and does not respond with smiles. may rock or stare off into space. may not attach to adults but will to objects. may not have recognition or a visible response to the spoken word. Causes are unknown; may be brain malfunction; heredity may play a part. Treatment varies and is inconsistent. Degree of autism is biggest factor in deciding how to treat. © West Educational Publishing EXIT Anxiety Disorders Anxiety is a feeling of apprehension that includes sweating palms, erratic breathing, and a pounding heart. Panic Disorder Phobias ObsessiveCompulsive Behaviors Click on the disorders for more information. © West Educational Publishing EXIT Caused by physical and chemical problems Panic Disorders Occur when the person is under stress Overwhelming attacks of anxiety Psychotherapy can be useful © West Educational Publishing Medicine can reduce symptoms Click for more information. EXIT Agoraphobia is fear of leaving a familiar place. Certain objects or events can “disable” a person. Phobias Can include very specific categories such as snakes. © West Educational Publishing Most phobics are women. Click for more information. EXIT Some drugs can reduce symptoms. Obsessions are recurring thoughts. ObsessiveCompulsive Behaviors Compulsions are ritualized behaviors. Result from guilt, anxiety, and insecurity. Click for more information. © West Educational Publishing EXIT Somatoform Disorders Hypochondriasis People overly concerned about their health. An illness occurs for every physical complaint. © West Educational Publishing Conversion Disorders (psychosomatic) Psychological problem is converted into a physiological dysfunction. EXIT Memories related to a trauma disappear. © West Educational Publishing A person will have several personalities that are unique. Memories related to a trauma disappear and the person starts life all over. EXIT Moderate depression that will go away without therapy Dysthymic Disorder Mania Restlessness, inability to concentrate, and rapid speech Mood Disorders Lasting from Major a couple Depression of weeks to months © West Educational Publishing Bipolar Swings of mania and depression EXIT Causes of Mood Disorders Difficult to trace cause, as the problem can come and go without treatment. Females are twice as likely to be moderately depressed and to suffer from dysthymic disorder as males; four times as likely to suffer from major depression. Males and females suffer from bipolar disorder at about the same rate, however. Depression lies on a continuum from mild to severe; moderate depression can turn into major depression. MILD © West Educational Publishing MODERATE SEVERE EXIT Causes of Mood Disorders (continued) Learned helplessness (Martin Seligman) is a factor associated with depression. In this situation, people believe they are unable to help themselves get better. Also, Seligman has books entitled Learned Optimism & Authentic Happiness. Seligman teaches at the University of Pennsylvania and is one of the pioneers of Positive Psychology. People with poor self-images are more prone to depression. Psychocybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, M.D. Levels of the chemical serotonin in the brain also play a role in mania and depression. © West Educational Publishing EXIT Characteristics of Psychotic Disorders 1. Thought Disorders . . . a distortion of thinking 2. Hallucinations . . . to see or hear things that are not present 3. Delusions . . . false or inaccurate beliefs 4. Inappropriate emotional responses © West Educational Publishing EXIT Schizophrenic Disorders Symptoms Disorganized Thoughts Hallucinations Delusions Garbled Speech Word Salad Clanging © West Educational Publishing EXIT Types of Schizophrenia Catatonic Sufferers can hold an unusual posture for hours © West Educational Publishing Paranoid Undifferentiated Feelings of persecution and suspiciousness Difficult to distinguish symptoms EXIT Hereditary and Environmental Factors in Schizophrenia 1. Heredity plays a role but is not the only or major cause ( a person may have a predisposition). 2. Environment may play a role in the development of schizophrenia but is not the major factor. 3. A strange and bizarre family life may trigger appearance in someone who is predisposed. © West Educational Publishing EXIT Chemical Factors in Schizophrenia 1. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter found in the brain. 2. Schizophrenics have very high levels of dopamine. 3. They report that they feel agitated, talk rapidly, and their thoughts are racing. 4. Some schizophrenics report that lower levels of dopamine make them feel better. © West Educational Publishing EXIT Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder These people consistently come into conflict with the law and show little or no concern, guilt, or anxiety. Borderline Personality Disorder These people have unstable and intense relationships with others. They are dependent on others and yet, sabotage those relationships. They have problems controlling their impulses; their perceptions and thoughts are distorted. © West Educational Publishing EXIT Summary of Main Topics Covered Causes of Mental Disorders Abnormal Behaviors ADHD Childhood Disorders{ Autism Anxiety Disorders{ Panic Disorder, Phobias, Obsessive-Compulsive Somatoform Disorders { Dissociative Disorders { Amnesia, Fugue, D. I. D. Conversion Hypochondriasis Depression, Mood Disorders { Dysthymic, Mania, Bipolar Psychotic Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders © West Educational Publishing EXIT