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Week 9-PS124
Most people with
mental disorders
have been
overwhelmed by
stress and can no
longer cope. Another
group suffer from
disturbances created
by chemical
malfunctions.
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Mental
Disorders
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Causes of Mental Disorders
Combination
of these
reasons
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Definitions of
Abnormal Behaviors
1. The person may have extreme anxiety, endless
worry, and depression.
2. The person acts in bizarre ways. He or she cannot
react normally or is constantly depressed.
3. The person cannot act out his or her role
efficiently.
4. The person has self-defeating behaviors.
5. The person sees the world as threatening,
dangerous, and rejecting. It is better to work on
softening your world view. (Saphir- Whorf)EXIT
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It’s All a Matter of Degree
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Disorders of Childhood
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Description:
Child may be
unable to focus on a task
easily distracted or frustrated
impulsive
constantly moving and restless
Causes are still unknown
Treatment varies
Ritalin (stimulant)
Structuring the child’s environment
1Educational
/3 of cases continue into adulthood
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Sanjay’s Tips for helping with ADHD/ADD
• 1. Being consistent in rules/regulations (from school to
home and vice versa)
• 2. Is the kid a kinesthetic learner?
• 3. Reward physical activities outside the classroom with
performance in the classroom.
• 4. Are the parents fighting or giving inconsistent
messages to the child?
• 5. What does the child’s nutritional diet consist of? Cut
out Yellow #5, RD#40, etc. Eat an organic, raw-foods
diet, and cut out sugar, etc.
• Check with a doctor and nutritionist first.
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Autism
Description:
The child
fails to develop communication patterns,
social interactions, and emotional responses.
is difficult to feed, and does not respond with smiles.
may rock or stare off into space.
may not attach to adults but will to objects.
may not have recognition or a visible response to the
spoken word.
Causes are unknown; may be brain malfunction;
heredity may play a part.
Treatment varies and is inconsistent. Degree of
autism is biggest factor in deciding how to treat.
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Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety is a feeling of apprehension that
includes sweating palms, erratic breathing,
and a pounding heart.
Panic
Disorder
Phobias
ObsessiveCompulsive
Behaviors
Click on the disorders for more information.
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Caused by
physical
and chemical
problems
Panic
Disorders
Occur when
the person
is under stress
Overwhelming
attacks of
anxiety
Psychotherapy
can be useful
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Medicine can
reduce
symptoms
Click for more information.
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Agoraphobia
is fear of
leaving a
familiar place.
Certain objects
or events can
“disable”
a person.
Phobias
Can include
very specific
categories
such as
snakes.
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Most phobics
are women.
Click for more information.
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Some drugs can
reduce symptoms.
Obsessions are
recurring thoughts.
ObsessiveCompulsive
Behaviors
Compulsions
are ritualized
behaviors.
Result from
guilt, anxiety,
and insecurity.
Click for more information.
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Somatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis
People overly concerned
about their health.
An illness occurs for
every physical complaint.
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Conversion Disorders
(psychosomatic)
Psychological problem
is converted into
a physiological
dysfunction.
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Memories
related to a
trauma
disappear.
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A person will have
several personalities
that are unique.
Memories
related to a
trauma
disappear and
the person starts
life all over.
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Moderate
depression
that will go
away
without
therapy
Dysthymic
Disorder
Mania
Restlessness,
inability to
concentrate,
and
rapid speech
Mood
Disorders
Lasting from
Major
a couple
Depression
of weeks to
months
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Bipolar
Swings of
mania
and
depression
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Causes of Mood Disorders
Difficult to trace cause, as the problem can come
and go without treatment.
Females are twice as likely to be moderately
depressed and to suffer from dysthymic disorder as
males; four times as likely to suffer from major
depression. Males and females suffer from bipolar
disorder at about the same rate, however.
Depression lies on a continuum from mild to severe;
moderate depression can turn into major
depression.
MILD
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MODERATE
SEVERE
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Causes of Mood Disorders
(continued)
 Learned helplessness (Martin Seligman) is a factor
associated with depression. In this situation, people
believe they are unable to help themselves get better.
Also, Seligman has books entitled Learned Optimism &
Authentic Happiness. Seligman teaches at the
University of Pennsylvania and is one of the pioneers
of Positive Psychology.
 People with poor self-images are more prone to
depression. Psychocybernetics by Maxwell Maltz,
M.D.
 Levels of the chemical serotonin in the brain
also play a role in mania and depression.
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Characteristics of
Psychotic Disorders
1. Thought Disorders . . . a distortion of thinking
2. Hallucinations . . . to see or hear things that
are not present
3. Delusions . . . false or inaccurate beliefs
4. Inappropriate
emotional responses
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Schizophrenic Disorders
Symptoms
Disorganized Thoughts
Hallucinations
Delusions
Garbled Speech
Word Salad
Clanging
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Types of Schizophrenia
Catatonic
Sufferers can hold
an unusual
posture for hours
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Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Feelings of
persecution
and suspiciousness
Difficult to
distinguish
symptoms
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Hereditary and Environmental
Factors in Schizophrenia
1. Heredity plays a role but is not the only or major
cause ( a person may have a predisposition).
2. Environment may play a role in the development
of schizophrenia but is not the major factor.
3. A strange and bizarre family
life may trigger appearance in
someone who is predisposed.
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Chemical Factors
in Schizophrenia
1. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter found in the brain.
2. Schizophrenics have very high levels of dopamine.
3. They report that they feel agitated, talk
rapidly, and their thoughts are racing.
4. Some schizophrenics report that lower levels
of dopamine make them feel better.
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Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder
These people consistently come
into conflict with the law and
show little or no concern, guilt,
or anxiety.
Borderline Personality Disorder
These people have unstable and intense relationships with
others. They are dependent on others and yet, sabotage those
relationships. They have problems controlling their
impulses; their perceptions and thoughts are distorted.
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Summary of Main Topics Covered
Causes of Mental Disorders
Abnormal Behaviors
ADHD
Childhood Disorders{ Autism
Anxiety Disorders{
Panic Disorder, Phobias,
Obsessive-Compulsive
Somatoform Disorders {
Dissociative Disorders { Amnesia, Fugue, D. I. D.
Conversion
Hypochondriasis
Depression,
Mood Disorders { Dysthymic,
Mania, Bipolar
Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenic Disorders
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