Download Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders (anxiety

Describe symptoms and prevalence
of two disorders (anxiety, affective,
or eating disorders)
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Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Prevalence
• Prevalence is a statistical concept in medicine (or
psychiatry). It refers to the percentage of individuals
within a population who are affected by a specific
disorder either currently or during their lifetime.
Prevalence rates change cross-culturally and between
genders.
Affective disorder: major
depression
Symptoms
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Physiological Symptoms:
• Fatigue or loss of
energy
• significant weight loss
or gain
• loss of appetite
• headaches, and pain
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Cognitive Symptoms:
• Feelings of worthlessness
or excessive guilt
• difficulties concentrating
• negative attitudes
towards the self, the
world and the future.
• (Feelings of guilt and
worthlessness seem to be
symptoms that are
primarily experienced in
Western cultures).
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Emotional Symptoms:
• Distress and sadness
• loss of interest in the
world.
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Behavioral Symptoms:
• Disturbed sleep
patterns
• self-destructive
behavior (suicidal
thoughts)
• avoidance of social
company.
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Prevalence
of Major Depression
• The National Comorbidity Study
(1994) found that prevalence for
lifetime major depression in the
USA was 17.1%.
• The National Institute of Mental
Health (NIMH) in the USA found
that lifetime prevalence of
depression was 16.6% with 13.2
% for males and 20.2 for females
(Kessler et al. 2005).
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
EATING DISORDER: BULIMA NERVOSA
Symptoms
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Physiological Symptoms:
• Nutritional deficiencies
and hormonal changes
could lead to
– disturbances in the
menstrual cycle
– Fatigue
– digestive problems
– Tooth decay
– muscle cramping.
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Cognitive Symptoms:
• Distorted body image
• low self-esteem
• sense of lack of control
during binge-eating
episodes
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Emotional Symptoms:
• Fear of becoming fat
(fat phobia)
• body dissatisfaction
• depressed mood.
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Behavioral Symptoms:
• Self-starvation in
combination with
recurrent binge eating
episodes and
compensatory behavior
such as vomiting and
misuse of laxatives to
avoid weight gain.
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa
• Fairburn and Beglin (1990)
found that bulimia
nervosa affected between
1 and 2 % of young
women in the USA and the
UK.
• APA (2000) estimated 1–
3% of young adult females
to have Bulimia.
• The disorder occurs much
less frequently in men.
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
• People who have
anorexia have an
intense fear of gaining
weight.
• They severely limit the
amount of food they
eat and can become
dangerously thin.
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
• Starts earlier than
bulimia (teens
compared to early
twenties)
• It may start as dieting,
but it gets out of
control.
• You think about food,
dieting, and weight all
the time.
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
People with anorexia may severely limit
the amount of food they eat. Or they eat
and then make themselves throw up.
Other behaviors include:
• Cutting food into small pieces or
moving them around the plate
instead of eating
• Exercising all the time, even when
the weather is bad, they are hurt, or
their schedule is busy
• Going to the bathroom right after
meals
• Refusing to eat around other people
• Using pills to make themselves
urinate (water pills or diuretics), have
a bowel movement (enemas and
laxatives), or decrease their appetite
(diet pills)
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
• Early treatment can be
very effective.
• But if not treated early,
anorexia can become a
lifelong problem.
• Untreated anorexia can
lead to starvation and
serious health problems,
such as bone thinning,
kidney damage, and heart
problems.
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders
Treatment
• The biggest challenge in
treating anorexia
nervosa is helping the
person recognize that
he or she has an illness.
• Most people DENY
• Goals of treatment are
to restore normal body
weight and eating
habits.
Describe symptoms and prevalence of two
disorders