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Transcript
Evolutionary Theory Island Biology What Biological Processes Make the Organisms on Islands So Unique? Dispersal 1. Define dispersal: • The process of scattering or spreading from a certain area. 2. Give examples of how plants disperse their seeds. • Birds chance • Wind chance • Float chance • Shoots out of fruit natural • Spring open and scatter natural 3. Analysis: How is dispersal important to evolution on islands? How life arrives. Evolution and Natural Selection 4. Define: Evolution • Charles Darwin The process of modern organisms descending from ancient organisms; change over time. Natural Selection • The process in nature that results in the most fit (best adapted) organisms producing offspring. 3 steps: variation --> selection --> reproduction. • The mechanism that drives evolution. Adaptation • The process that enables organisms and species to become better suited to their environments. Evolution and Natural Selection 4. Define: Survival of the Fittest • Individuals with characteristics best suited to their environment survive. Fitness - • The combination of physical traits and behaviors that help an organism survive and reproduce in its environment. Measured by the number of successful offspring. Evolution and Natural Selection 5. What three assumptions of Lamarck’s were incorrect about evolution? • A Desire to Change • Use and Disuse • Passing on Acquired Traits Evolutionary Theory Evolves 6. What is genetic drift? Give 2 examples. • Genetic change in a population, occurring in the absence of natural selection, due to random, chance events. • Examples of events leading to genetic drift: - mutation - chance dispersal - extreme weather conditions etc. Evolutionary Theory Evolves 6. Gradualism • The theory that evolutionary change occurs slowly and gradually (by natural selection). 7. Punctuated Equilibrium - • Rapid evolution after long periods of equilibrium. • May occur when a small population of a species becomes isolated from the main part of the population or due to other random (stochastic) factors. Speciation 9. Define: Niche • Darwin’s Finches The combination of an organism’s habitat and it’s role in that habitat. (address + profession) Speciation • The process of new species evolving from preexisting ones. 10. Why can no two species occupy the same niche? • Competition arises for food and space. The most efficient species will survive and reproduce. Speciation 11. What is reproductive isolation? • Definition: Separation of populations so that they do not interbreed to produce fertile offspring. • One of the most common ways in which new species form is when populations are separated. What can cause reproductive isolation to occur? • Geographic barriers • Differences in courtship behavior • Differences in fertility periods Analysis: What is unique to the evolutionary process on islands and why? Islands are ISOLATED (distant) and small.