* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download PM 2.5 and O 3 concentration changes in 2100
Global warming controversy wikipedia , lookup
Climate change adaptation wikipedia , lookup
Instrumental temperature record wikipedia , lookup
German Climate Action Plan 2050 wikipedia , lookup
Media coverage of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Low-carbon economy wikipedia , lookup
Climate governance wikipedia , lookup
2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference wikipedia , lookup
Attribution of recent climate change wikipedia , lookup
General circulation model wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on humans wikipedia , lookup
Solar radiation management wikipedia , lookup
Scientific opinion on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Climate change mitigation wikipedia , lookup
Views on the Kyoto Protocol wikipedia , lookup
Global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and poverty wikipedia , lookup
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change, industry and society wikipedia , lookup
Mitigation of global warming in Australia wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on Australia wikipedia , lookup
Surveys of scientists' views on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Canada wikipedia , lookup
Economics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change feedback wikipedia , lookup
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change wikipedia , lookup
Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme wikipedia , lookup
Public opinion on global warming wikipedia , lookup
Politics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Economics of climate change mitigation wikipedia , lookup
Effect of changes in emissions and climate change on global air quality: A study of the air quality co-benefits of GHGs mitigation Yuqiang Zhang1, J. Jason West1, Meridith M. Fry1, Raquel A. Silva1, Steven J. Smith2, Vaishali Naik4, 1 3 4 5 5 Zachariah Adelman , Susan C. Anenberg , Larry W. Horowitz , Jean-Francois Lamarque , Louisa Emmons 1 834285 Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 2 Joint Global Change Research Institute. 3 US Environmental Protection Agency. 4 NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. 5 National Center for Atmospheric Research. 1. Introduction 4. Analysis 3. Preliminary Results Actions to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) will benefit global and regional air quality through two mechanisms in the future: 1) directly through reductions in emissions of co-emitted air pollutants (short-term and local), and 2) indirectly by slowing the influence of climate change on air pollution (long-term and global). While a large literature discusses the impacts of climate change on air quality, through meteorological changes, biogenic emissions, and other factors, we focus on the co-benefits of GHG mitigation on air quality. Here we aim to quantify the global air quality benefits of GHG mitigation through these two mechanisms, in realistic future scenarios to 2100. We use the global chemical transport model MOZART-4 to simulate changes in ozone and fine particular matter (PM2.5) due to changes in co-emitted air pollutants and climate due to the GHG mitigation. We present results for the changes in global air quality due to GHG mitigation in 2030, 2050, and 2100. Emissions Problems Global and regional Air Quality OC (Tg C/yr) PM2.5 concentration (population-weighted annual average) Global East Asia India North America Global Global and regional anthropogenic emissions North America India East Asia North America India East Asia India East Asia SO2 (Tg SO2/yr) O3 concentration (population-weighted 6-month of average of 1-hr daily maximum) Global East Asia India North America Global a b c Air pollutants 1 Air pollution NO (Tg NO/yr) Sources & Policies a: Total co-benefit; b: Emission co-benefit; c: Meteorology co-benefit GHGs 2 Climate Change Connections between air quality and climate change, showing two mechanisms of co-benefits of GHG mitigation on air quality: #1 is immediate and local, #2 is long-term and global. Over the long term, the global PM2.5 and O3 both decrease for all scenarios, reflecting the assumptions in the RCPs of a cleaner world as economic well-being increases. The air quality co-benefits of GHG mitigation are large—2.37 ug/m3 for PM2.5 and 8.11 ppb for O3, for the global population-weighted concentrations in 2100. Total Co-benefit North America . PM2.5 and O3 concentration changes in 2100 #2 Meteorology Co-benefit #1 Emissions Co-benefit s 2. Methodology • We use scenarios from the GCAM global energy economics model, developed as Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios (RCPs) for the IPCC 5th Assessment report– a Reference Case and RCP4.5. • In GCAM, RCP4.5 differs from the Reference Case only in the application of a climate policy. Therefore, we simulate directly the effects of global GHG mitigation on co-emitted air pollutants. Global Anthropogenic changes of organic carbon and sulfur dioxide, due to GHGs mitigation, among different scenarios contribute to the global and regional PM2.5 benefit. Organic carbon and sulfur dioxide play different roles in different regions. Methane and isoprene emission change on Tropospheric O3 burden Methane concentration (ppb) ISOP emission (Tg C/a-1) ∆O3 burden (Tg /a-1) PM2.5 • Global meteorology for these future scenarios is from the GFDL general circulation model (AM3) simulations of RCP8.5 (with similar forcing as the Reference Case) and RCP4.5. Simulations Modeled in the study Years Emissions Meteorology Name 2000 Historical Historical 2000 GCAM Reference RCP8.5 erefm85 2030, 2050, 2100 RCP4.5 GCAM Reference RCP4.5 RCP4.5 Methane emissions changes likely contribute substantially effect the tropospheric ozone burden Changes in isoprene emissions, due to meteorological changes, have a smaller influence on tropospheric ozone burden 5. Conclusions • The air quality co-benefits of global GHG mitigation are substantial. rcp45 erefm45 O3 • The direct co-benefits via changes in co-emitted air pollutants (mechanism #1) appear much more important than the longterm influence via climate change (#2), even in 2100. • Co-benefits would likely be larger if the Reference Case scenario had not assumed decreased air pollution in the future. • Methane changes in these emissions scenarios are likely important in contributing to the tropospheric O3 burden change. • We will present the total co-benefits and those resulting from the two mechanisms as: Total co-benefit: rcp45−erefm85 Emission co-benefit: rcp45−erefm45 Meteorology co-benefit: erefm45−erefm85 The emission reductions due to the GHG mitigation have a large positive effect on both PM2.5 and O3, while the changing meteorology has less influence. Slowing future climate change increases O3 in remote areas, as increasing water vapor decreases the ozone lifetime. In polluted regions, slowing climate change causes O3 to decrease due to decreasing temperature and biogenic emissions, and other meteorological factors. • Future work will include assessing the global health impacts of these air quality changes, and meteorological and chemical downscaling of these results to the US using the WRF and CMAQ models. Acknowledgements: This work was funded by an EPA STAR grant #834285, an EPA STAR Graduate Fellowship (MMF), the EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, and the Department of Energy Office of Science. Contact: [email protected], www.unc.edu/~jjwest