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UNIT 2: CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPACTS ON CROP PRODUCTION & HUMAN HEALTH Tina Hoover, MPH, RD , LD Nanna Cross, PhD, RD, LDN What impact does weather have on 1. Food availability and choice? 2. Nutrition and health of affected populations? Food for Thought According to Siikamaki, (2006) “Agriculture is frequently discussed in the context of climate change: not only is agriculture vulnerable to climate change, it is also part of the problem and its potential solutions.” -Siikamaki, Juha. (2006). Climate Change and U.S. Agriculture. Examining the Connections. Environment, pg(s). 36-49. Ebi, K.L. et. al. (2006). Environmental Health Perspectives. 114:1318-1324. CLIMATE CHANGE & HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS IN THE UNITED STATES What are the current environmental stresses and issues that form the backdrop for potential additional impacts of climate variability and change? Definitions Climate Climate variability Climate change Adaptation Adaptive Capacity Define Climate Average state of atmosphere and underlying land or water in a particular region over a specific time period Define climate variability Variation around the mean climate Seasonal variations Irregular events –-El Nino Define climate change Change occurs over decades or longer Occurs as result of natural variability within climate systems Caused by human factors Define Adaptation Strategies, policies and measures undertaken to reduce potential adverse health effects Define Adaptive Capacity General ability of institutions, systems, and individuals to: adjust to potential damages take advantage of opportunities cope with the consequences Health Outcome Categories Temperature related morbidity & mortality Extreme weather events Air pollution Water & food borne diseases Vector and rodent-borne diseases Impact of climate change on human health Which three groups of individuals are most vulnerable to adverse impacts of changing climate? Temperature related Morbidity & Mortality Which geographic region is at highest risk? Which socioeconomic factors increase the risk? Extreme Weather Events Give six examples of extreme weather events? Give examples of physical and mental health outcomes in response to extreme weather? Air Pollution Give three examples of air pollution as a result of climate change and variability Water & Food-Borne Diseases Excessive precipitation may exceed capacity for treating waste water and sewage (sewage overflow) Vector & Rodent-Borne Disease Mosquito borne illness (West Nile virus) Ticks – Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Lyme Disease Rodents - hantavirus Does the US have the capacity to adapt to extremes in weather to prevent negative health outcomes? How May Ecological Changes Affect Agriculture/Food Production? Heat Stress w/ rising temps– crops, livestock Increased pests, disease, weeds Some crops more sensitive to rising temps (tomatoes– e.g.) Altered Food Webs (e.g. polluted waters- marine food webs) Drought/Flooding: (extreme weather events) Soil moisture/erosion, evaporation Water pollution (i.e. agricultural run-off) Pollution levels (soil & H20) Increased pests, disease, weeds Altered Food Webs (e.g. polluted waters- marine food webs) Short-Term Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture Some crops– may improve growing conditions - however, with continued temp increase (esp. Southern regions) some crops may not adapt. - Northern regions may benefit most (since tend to be cooler.) e.g. longer growing season opportunity. -- Possible to grow new crops/different crops. Long Term Effects & Climate Change Long-term effects of climate change are not fully understood. Difficult to predict. How Modern Agriculture Impacts the Climate GHG emissions (burning of fossil fuels, manure, food transportation– e.g.) Significant user of H20 resources. Significant user of land resources. Livestock– methane emissions, sig user of H20 and grain. Factory Farming- e.g. (produce large amount of GHG) Are there Alternative Solutions/Opportunities? GMO’s– e.g. resistant to drought/flooding Increase irrigation efficiency Agriculture & Forests = GHG “sinks” Methane capture “tanks” Improved fertilization practices– e.g. timing Focus on locally produced foods– e.g. Farmers Markets References Backlund, P., Janetos, A., and Schimel, D. Executive Summary: The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources, and Biodiversity, pages 1-10. -Retrieved from: http://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/files/CCSPFinalReport.pdf Ebi, KL, Mills, D.M., Smith, J.B., Grambsch, A. (2006) Climate change and human health impacts in the United States: An update on the results of the U.S. National Assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives. 114:1318-1324. References Interdependent Working Group on Climate Change. (2008). Climate Change and Food Security. A Framework Document. Summary. Rome: Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (FAO). Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/k2595e/k2595e00.htm Siikamaki, J. (2006). Climate Change and U.S. Agriculture: Examining the Connections. Environment, pgs. 36-49.