Download post-2012 issues:developing country perspectives

POST-2012
ISSUES:DEVELOPING
COUNTRY PERSPECTIVES
ECBI-Gabarone
23rd Sept 2008
Layout
• Background
• Vulnerability of Africa to climate variability and
change
• Overview of Implementation issues
• Post 2012 Issues and Challenges
Background
• Climate Change (CC) issue continues to gain
momentum
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G8+5, CC agenda
Meetings of the 15 Major Emitters
CC Ministerial in Argentina –Sept
Ministerial Consultations in Algiers,Niger-November
• International priority
– UNFCCC & Kyoto Meetings – March,May to
June,August
– continues to be in the CSD themes
• COP13 & MOP3 – Nov to Dec 2008 in Bali
Indonesia
Africa’s vulnerability to climate
change impacts
• Climate change is already happening
• Vulnerable sectors include
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Water
Health
Agriculture
Biodiversity
• Intensity & frequency of extreme weather - increasing
costs of disaster management beyond affordable limits
• These climate change impacts are already starting to
undermine our sustainable development
• The poor, in particular, extremely vulnerable
Regional Implementation Issues
• Institutional weakness –
– Political awareness of decision makers of threats
– Political institutional framework needs to be
established
– Broader public awareness of vulnerability & measures
– Lack of capacity to participate in key international
agreements & institutions eg. GEF & MEA’s
• Weak technical capacity
– Scientific & technical capacity
– Coordination, administrative & regulatory at national
levels
Regional Implementation Issues
• Access to funding
– Africa benefiting least from opportunities
– Poor capacity to meet the “red tape”
requirements of funders
– Resource allocation framework of GEF
hinders access to GEF by Africa
• Access to opportunity
– Poor capacity to take advantage of
opportunities (eg CDM; Technology transfer)
Global Implementation Issues
• Inadequate implementation or compliance
with commitments under the convention by
Annex 1 countries
– Inadequate & unpredictable funding of the key
issues – particularly adaptation
– Capacity building
• Poor access to technology and progress
on Technology transfer agreements
Post 2012 Issues and Challenges
• Convention - aims to bring developed country
GHG emissions back to 1990 levels toward
stabilisation of concentrations
• Kyoto - aims to reduce overall developed
country emissions by about 5% below 1990
levels over ‘first commitment period’ 2008-2012
• How do Kyoto Parties select a level of ambition
for themselves?
• How can the Convention also drive reductions
and address impacts
BALI CLIMATE
CONFERENCE:COP13/MOP3
• Focus of the Bali Conference was on post-2012 issues seeking
agreement on a two year process or “Bali Roadmap”to finalise a
post-2012 regime by COP15 in December 2009.
• Sets out”tracks” under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol
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Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group (AWG)
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Open to all Parties
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Considers future commitments for Annex I Parties
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Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-tem Cooperative Action
under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change
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Open to all Parties
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Considers cooperative action to enhance existing global
agreement under UNFCCC
Bali Cont.
• The plan identifies four key elements:
- mitigation,adaptation,finance and technology
• The plan also contains a non-exhaustive list of issues to
be considered under each of these areas and calls for
addressing a “ shared vision for long-term cooperative
action”
• Plan for activities and meetings for 2008/2009
• Considered preparations for the review of the Protocol
under Article 9 to take place in Poznan,isuues to b
covered include CDM,IPCCAR 4,adaptation,
implementation,effectiveness and compliance
AWG-LCA1/2 and AWG-KP5 part and
2,Bangkok/Bonn
• Focus of the LCA was the development of 2008
Workprogramme.The programme aims to further
discussions on all elements at every session in a
“coherent and,intergrated and transparent manner”and
establishes a timetable for eight in-session workshops in
2008/3wkshops that considered,adaptation,finance
&technlogy-shared vision on long term cooperative
action and climate change mitigation
• KP- convened an in-session wkshop on analyzing the
means for Annex1 to reach their emission reduction
targets. Conclusions-the flexible mechanisms cont.post2012 and be supplemental to domestic action
Bonn cont/Accra AWG-LCA3
&1st part of AWG-KP6
• KP-Focused on means for Annex1 to reach emission
reduction targets,focussing onflexibl
mechanisms,LULUCF,GHGs ,Sectors and Source
categories possible approches targetting sectoral
emissions and methodological issues
• LCA-focused on the key elements outlined in the Bali
Action Plan (decision 1/ CP.13), including a “shared
vision for long-term cooperative action,” mitigation,
adaptation, technology and financing-in-session
workshops on cooperative sectoral approaches and
sector-specific actions, and on policy incentives on
issues relating to REDD and the role of conservation,
sustainable management of forests and enhancements
of forest carbon stocks in developing countries.
LCA 3 Cont
• Three contact groups : “enhanced action on adaptation
and its associated means of implementation,” “enhanced
action on mitigation and its associated means of
implementation,” and “delivering on technology and
finance, including consideration of institutional
arrangements.
• Issues related to mitigation and associated means of
implementation -on sectoral approaches and sectorspecific actions and on REDD, conservation and
sustainable forest management.
• distinction between mitigation commitments of
developed countries and mitigation actions of developing
countries(G77)
LCA 3Cont.
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Annex1 to show the lead in emission
Recognition of Historical Responsibilities
Recognition of mitigation actions in developing countries
Differentiation among NA1 contentious. The G-77/China
and the African Group strongly opposed differentiation of
parties beyond that of the Convention with highlights of
per capita criteria disadvantage of small countries
• No agreement on the group mandate to make
amendments to the Convention or the Protocol
• G77- focusing on the implementation of the Convention.
LCA3 Cont-Adaptation and
Means of Implementation
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AOSIS proposed an adaptation framework, containing
mechanisms on financial resources and on building
resilience and adapting to the impacts of climate change.
• The EU -scaling up of financial resources and
investment for adaptation, integration of adaptation into
national planning, and support for vulnerable countries to
formulate adaptation plans and programmes.
• The Africa-Regional implementation initiative to involve a
network of African centers of excellence and
implementation of pilot projects.
• Non-Implementaion of NAPAs
LCA3-DELIVERING ON
TECHNOLOGY AND FINANCE
• New proposals for finance and technology, such as a
Convention financial mechanism and a technology
transfer mechanism, were introduced by the G-77/China,
in addition to the EU proposal on technology transfer.
• On finance- sources of funding, developing countries
noted financing should come from Annex I countries,
while some developed countries, insist on the
importance of the private sector and the need for using
carbon markets and innovative financial instruments.
• Issues raisedon conditionalites-Paris Declaration on Aid
Effectiveness
AWG-KP6,Part 1
• Analysis of Means to reach emission reduction targets
and identification of ways to enhance their effectiveness
and contribution to sustainable development
• Pre-occupation was with Sectoral Approaches that was
rejected by NA1
• EMISSIONS TRADING AND THE PROJECT-BASED
MECHANISMS:The conclusions contain two annexes, Annex I
contains a list of possible improvements to the mechanisms that
have a potentially significant implication for the ability of Annex I
parties to achieve mitigation objectives. Annex II contains other
possible improvements to the mechanisms, referring to those
elements which, may not have a significant implication on Annex I
parties’ mitigation ability
KP-LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE AND
FORESTRY
• G-77/China - afforestation and reforestation project
activities should remain eligible,means to enhance
implementation of these activities should be addressed
incl.maintaining temporary credits for forests that are
intact and monitored. Concerns about the vulnerability of
forests, suggestions to define a timeframe for nonpermanence.
• The EU stressed that non-permanence reversals require
compensation.
• OTHER ISSUES: related to greenhouse gases, sectors
and source categories, possible approaches targeting
sectoral emissions, consideration of relevant
methodological issues, and spillover effects
Conclusions
• With the AWG-LCA 2008 work programme agreed ,
parties have began an exchange of ideas and opinions
on the elements of the Bali Action Plan. Discussions are
still is at a general level, focused on fostering
understanding of issues to be considered by the AWGLCA (a shared vision, adaptation, mitigation and
financing and technology). In Accra, more detailed and
substantive discussions began in contact groups. The
discusions could get more substantive from Poznan,
which should mark the end of the pre-negotiation phase
and open the door to formal negotiations in 2009.
• In the AWG-KP mot of see no progress possibly mrking
time for the LCA discussions to draw level?
Concl.
• But forAfrica I go back to the earlier slides.
• Where are we now? How do we really
make our voices to be heard and have
those issues that have been at the core of
our concerns addressed? How can the
position that we have put forward on
adaptation for example made more robust
and really work for us?