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Unit 13 Global Warming Lesson 1 Contents Pre-reading Questions Background Word Study About the Author A Global Picture Pre-reading Questions What do you know about global warming? What is the cause of global warming? What changes could the greenhouse effect create in the Earth’s climate? What else do you know about environmental protection? Test Your Knowledge Where do greenhouse gases trap energy? In the atmosphere. What is one of the greenhouse gases? Carbon dioxide. How long has earth’s climate been changing? Five billion years. When did humans start to add lots of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere? The Industrial Revolution. Test Your Knowledge Of all the species that have ever lived on the planet, how much percent have died out? 98%. Why have plants and animals been able to adapt to changes in climate in the past? Because past climate change occurred slowly enough for plants and animals to adapt. How can you help to slow global warming? Save energy; plant trees; recycle etc. Test Your Knowledge Where do greenhouse gases mainly come from? From the emission of combustion of fossil fuel. Why should we protect rain forests? To protect biodiversity. What has led to the destruction of coastal habitats? High population density. What is the function of ozone layer? To prevent the harmful ultraviolet rays from reaching the earth. Background Information The Frog’s Tale Ecology and Ecosystem Symbiotic Relationship The Greenhouse Effect Rain Forests and Biodiversity The Food Chain Animal Extinction Pollution Acid Rain Ozone El Nino A Video Clip Title: An Inconvenient Truth — A Global Warning Gist: This film is a wake-up call that cuts through myths and misconceptions to deliver the message that global warming is a real and present danger. Former Vice President of the United States Al Gore convinces us that we must act now to save the earth. Each and every one of us can make changes in the way in which we live our lives and become part of the solution. Global Warming & Climate Change GLOBAL WARMING is the increase of the Earth’s average surface temperature due to a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. CLIMATE CHANGE is a broader term that refers to long-term changes in climate, including average temperature and precipitation. The Greenhouse Effect An Example of the Greenhouse Effect The Sun’s energy passes through the car’s windshield. This energy (heat) is trapped inside the car and cannot pass back through the windshield, causing the inside of the car to warm up. Word Study Acquaintance (page 182) Derivation Differentiation Expansion Acquaintance Tick the word that is different from the others: A. √ peruse B. periodical C. journal D. blurb <n.>期刊 <n.>杂志;期刊 <n.>简介 <v.> A. methane B. nitrogen 沼气 氮 C. ozone 臭氧 D. √ malaria 疟疾 A. latitude 纬度 B. √ hemisphere C. equator D. longitude 半球 赤道 经度 A. emit B. spit C. belch D. recede √ withdraw A. asteroid 小行星 B. planets C. esoteric √ <adj.> D. Jupiter 木星 Acquaintance Periodicals ↓ Journals ↓ Hardcore ↓ Esoteric ↑ blurb abstract → 中间层 Importance of Ozone layer Acquaintance The crowing of the rooster is a harbinger h________ of dawn. The Green Party have called for a substantial emission reduction in the e__________ of greenhouse gases by the UK. Applicants should p_______ peruse the instructions before completing the forms. latitude The l_________ of the island is 20 degrees south. The number of old German cars still on the road attests a___ (to) the excellence of their manufacture. He thinks most modern art is t________. trash Acquaintance decompose organic waste into Microbes(微生物)d_________ a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. A spokesperson declined to s_________ speculate on the cause of the train crash. fend I f_______ off his sword thrust with my spear. However, no medical treatment could mitigate m__________ the sufferings of the high fever of the young girl. The virus attacks the immune system, leaving your body v__________ vulnerable to infections. They are the four hardcore h_________ leaders of the gang. Derivation V. peruse N. perusal V. decompose attest spit attestation spit breed belch N. decomposition breed/breeder belch V. spark impact emit N. spark impact emission V. mitigate adapt radiate N. mitigation adaptation radiation Derivation V. trash fertilize recede N. trash fertilizer recession A. trashy fertile recessive V. respire alternate N. respiration A. respiratory speculate speculation / speculator speculative N. hardcore thermal vulnerable A. hardcore thermal vulnerable alternation alternative Differentiation Recession vs. Depression Influence; effect; impact Adapt; adopt; adjust Abstract; summary; gist Differentiation Recession vs. Depression Most serious _______________ are reactions to depressions stressful life events. There was a feeling of gloom and ___________ depression in the office when the news of the job cuts was announced. In times of severe ___________ companies are often recession forced to make massive job cuts in order to survive. depression after losing her He suffered from severe __________ job. Differentiation Influence; effect; impact Skin is our oldest sense organ, and when it is touched impact by someone it carries a strong emotional _________. His first music teacher was a major ___________ influence in his life. In the last twenty years, the mobile phone has made more of an _________ impact than the internet. Her criticisms had the ________ effect of discouraging him completely. The prime minister _________ effected many policy changes. Differentiation alter or move slightly in order to achieve the desired result make suitable for a new Adapt; adopt; adjust use adjust You can ________ the belt to the size that you want. He ________ adapted an old car engine to fit his boat. The childless couples are encouraged to _________ adopt the orphans from the earthquake. The council is expected to _________ the new policy adopt at its next meeting. adjust the color on the TV by turning this You can ________ knob. I am afraid he can’t _______ adapt to the idea of having a woman as his boss. Differentiation <infml> main idea of a speech Abstract; summary; gist I think I got the _______ of what she was saying. gist The issued dissertation usually have an ________ abstract respectively before the main body. He made a ________ summary of his speech just before the end. I haven’t time to read this report; can you give me the _______ of it? gist shortened version of a The blurb on the back of the booklarger says work that it ‘will touch your heart’. I’ve only read the abridgement of the novel. Synonyms peruse hardcore attest harbinger trash decompose breed speculate mitigate certify diehard alleviate rubbish reproduce guess scrutinize decay omen Antonyms esoteric attest decompose recession vulnerable mitigate trash aggravate boom invulnerable familiar treasure disprove compose A Global Picture of Text I The author Theme Structure Purpose of Writing About the author He is a Canadian poet born in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1949. He studied anthropology and history of religions at the University of Manitoba. John Weier He is an author of books in a variety of genres—poetry, fiction, non-fiction, and children’s literature. Theme The potential danger of global warming deserves our immediate attention and actions. Structure Part I (para. 1—2) The reason why people are now increasingly concerned about the problem of global warming Pert II (para. 3—7) The causes and effect of global warming, and its potential threat to mankind Part III (para. 8—11) Possible actions to combat global warming Purpose of Writing Refer to Exercise I on page 185: To raise people’s consciousness of the potential dangers of global warming, and to suggest some actions to combat it. There are no passengers on Spaceship Earth. We are all crew.C l i c k t o e d i t c o m p a n y s l o g a n . Thank you. To be continued. Lesson 2: Overview Revision Text Analysis Comprehension Check Language Work Paraphrases Spelling Definitions declare to be true to guess to read through carefully easily affected a strong influence/effect other to keep away to send forth Words attest speculate peruse vulnerable impact alternative fend belch Spelling a half of the earth very strongly following a particular belief to (cause to) decay the act of sending forth; discharge sth. that indicates or foreshadows what is to come a statement summarizing the important points of a text hemisphere hardcore decompose emission harbinger abstract What are these in English? 二氧化碳 氧化氮 臭氧 沼气;甲烷 纬度 疟疾 废渣埋填地 挡风玻璃 昆虫媒介 carbon dioxide nitrogen oxide ozone methane latitude malaria landfill windshield vector Derivation deforest → <n.> attest→ <n.> vulnerable → <n.> reveal → <n.> sun→ <adj.> continent→ <adj.> atmosphere→ <adj.> peril → <adj.> fertile→<v.> dramatic → <adv.> deforestation attestation vulnerability revelation / revealer solar continental atmospheric perilous fertilize dramatically Synonyms & Antonyms curable → <anto.> frequent → <anto.> available → <anto.> steady→ <anto.> vulnerable→ <anto.> incurable infrequent unavailable unsteady invulnerable attest → <syn.> available → <syn.> abundant→ <syn.> perilous→ <syn.> testify / witness accessible, attainable, obtainable plentiful / ample dangerous Introduction This is our planet: planet Earth. It contains an astonishing variety of landscapes and climates. Since life began, around 4,000 million years ago, it has gone through extraordinary changes in its climate and in the species that live on it. But now it seems that our planet is being transformed — not by natural events, but by the actions of one species: mankind. —David Attenborough Part I (para. 1—2) Global warming, used to be a topic of hardcore academic journals, has become a matter of increasing public concern. Comprehension Check 1. Did global warming attract much attention about 25 years ago? Has there been any change in people’s attitude toward the issue? 2. What are some of the causes of global warming? 3. What would happen if no further actions were taken to fight against global warning? Language Work (para. 1) 1. peruse: (vt. fml syn: read) to read through carefully --Students should ~ the instructions before doing the items of the exam paper. --He developed a habit to ~ English novels before going to bed. cf. peruse/pursue Language Work (para. 1) 2. come up with 1. to find out He couldn’t come up with any information he needed when logging on the internet. 2. to produce, create He couldn’t come up with an appropriate answer just at the time. Language Work (para. 1) 3. hardcore: the members of a group who are the most committed to its activities or who are the most involved in them --the hardcore members (= a hard core of members ) --his hardcore supporters Expansion hard-core: adj. stubbornly resistant to change or improvement --hardcore addicts Language Work (para. 1) 4. esoteric: (a. fml) known, understood, or appreciated by only a small number of people Usage Notes Esoteric basically implies knowledge guarded by, and imparted only to, members of a cult or inner circle of initiates. It has been extended in general use to describe knowledge in the possession only of adepts, students, and specialists. Language Work (para. 1) There are two kinds of classics, the popular and the esoteric. Arctic exploration is an esoteric pursuit. He has devoted his whole life to the compilation of some esoteric philosophical theories. 5. attest: to certify (+ to sth.) --The handwriting expert attested to the genuineness of the signature. Language Work (para. 1) 6. rooted: adj. firmly fixed and hard to remove --Optimism is rooted in her heart, and she believes that diligence and creativity make miracles. --It can be harder to communicate when problems have become more deeply rooted. --His problems are deeply rooted in his childhood experiences. Expansion: If you ___________________________, are rooted to the spot / ground you are unable to move because of fear, surprise, or shock. Language Work (para. 2) 7. with the exception of…: except --With the exception of his wife, no one got the news of his cancer. 8. a giant asteroid: The phrase literally refers to one of the small planets moving around the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. (here) It suggests the possible collision of the Earth with one of such planets which, though short in the distance, are actually “giant” compared with the Earth. Language Work (para. 2) 9. incurable: that cannot be cured He’s a con man(骗子) with an ~ ulcer(溃疡) called gambling. The baby was born with an ~ heart condition. I am an ~ romantic. 10. spew: to pour out, esp. quickly and violently --The chimneys of the steel mill ~ed fumes out into the blue sky. --He ~ed forth what he had recently learned about the true facts. Language Work (para. 2) 11. harbinger: sth. that indicates or foreshadows what is to come --This figure is 10 times the global rate, a ~ of climate change. --We got no ~ before the earthquake happened in Wenchuan. Usage Notes: Harbinger applies, chiefly figuratively, to one that proclaims or announces the coming or arriving of a notable event or person. Language Work (para. 2) 12. curb: to restrain, check, control He needs to learn to ~ his appetite This government has made pioneering strides towards ~ing air pollution. The only way to ~ the spread of the disease is by immunizing the entire population. A range of policies have been introduced aiming at ~ing inflation. Usage Notes: Curb suggests an abrupt or drastic checking or a restricting or restraining that tends to moderate. (anto: spur) Sentence Highlights 1. As an Internet search on global warming now attests, the subject has become as rooted in our public consciousness as Madonna or microwave cooking. (para. 1) Paraphrase: As the result of an Internet search on global warming now proves, this subject has got fixed in people’s mind, just like Madonna or microwave cooking. Sentence Highlights 2. With the possible exception of another world war, a giant asteroid, or an incurable plague, global warming may be the single largest threat to our planet. (para. 2) Paraphrase Apart from the outbreak of another world war, a possible collision of the earth with one of the small planets between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, or a quick-spreading fatal disease impossible to be cured, global warming may be the only largest threat to our earth. Sentence Highlights 3. For decades, human factories and cars have spewed billions of tons of greenhouse gases into atmosphere, and the climate has begun to show some signs of warming. (para. 2) Paraphrase: For dozens of years, our factories and cars have discharged billions of tons of greenhouse gases into the Earth’s atmosphere, and correspondingly certain signs of the Earth’s being getting warmer have been detected. Part II (para. 3—7) Enhanced greenhouse effect caused by human activities may induce such undesired climatic changes as global warming and poses threats to human health. (4 subdivisions) Part II: Subdivisions I. (para. 3) A number of causes resulting in the rising concentration of greenhouse gases Part II: Subdivisions II (para. 4—5) Obvious climatic changes evidenced by such climate data as info from IPCC and paleoclimate readings Part II: Our Warming Planet III. Paragraph 6 The variation of climate changes in different parts of the world IV. Paragraph 7 Threats to human health imposed by global warming Comprehension Check (Para. 3) 1. What has disturbed people now? 2. Can you name some human activities that may produce greenhouse gases? Language Work (para. 3) 1. artificially: happening as a result of human action She might be kept alive ~ by machinery. Motivation to learn must come from the child; it cannot be ~ imposed. There is an ~ created lake in the park. Foreign competitors offloaded their surplus on your shores at ~ low prices. 外国竞争者以人为的低价把剩余物资向你们的 各口岸倾销。 Language Work (para. 3) 2. concentration (of): [U] strength or density What is the ~ of salt in sea water? (含量) High ~s of toxic elements were found in the polluted areas. The current increase in atmospheric ~ of CO2 is considered to be one of the most important long-term changes occurring on this planet. Cf: Stress and tiredness often result in a lack of concentration. (= close or fixed attention ) Antonym: distraction Language Work (para. 3) 3. spit out: (infml) to make a series of loud noises, esp. when forcing small pieces of sth. into the air --The machine spat out chips of wood onto the ground. (= spit) --Babies are always spitting their food out. *He spat out an insult. Is that it— ‘money?’ She spat the word out. (to say sth. quickly and angrily) Language Work (para. 3) 4. decompose: to break up or separate into basic components or parts Any organic material in the natural environment will ~ over time. Coal is formed from partially ~d plants that lived millions of years ago. Usage Notes: Decompose suggests the breaking up or separation of something into its component elements. (e.g. a decomposing chemical compound). It is also a somewhat euphemistic substitute for rot. Sentence Highlights 1. What has worried many now is that over the past 250 years humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. (para.3) Paraphrase It is the fact that humans themselves have discharged so large quality of greenhouse gases and therefore increased the density of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that makes many people worried. Part II: Subdivisions II (para. 4—5) Obvious climatic changes evidenced by such climate data as info from IPCC and paleoclimate readings Comprehension Check 1. What would happen to those carbon-based greenhouse gases once they have been spewed into the atmosphere? 2. What do many scientist worry about? 3. How do the greenhouse gases make the Earth warmer? 4. What do the data collected from different sources show? Language Work (para. 4—5) 1. panel: a small group of people brought together to investigate or decide on a particular matter The competition will be judged by a ~ of experts. A ~ of three psychiatrists and three doctors have flown to the plague-stricken area. The comedian will chair a new TV panel game (电视竞猜/讨论). 2. Readings: interpretation 阐释;评估 It is difficult tp get an accurate ~ on the significance of these events. Language Work (para. 4—5) 3. abundant: more than enough --There is ~ evidence of continuing racial prejudice in society. Usage Notes: Abundant implies a very plentiful or very large supply. (e.g. a forest abundant in game) Expansion abundance n. --Timber was one commodity which the country possessed in great abundance. --The country has an abundance of skilled workers, but not enough jobs. Language Work (para. 4—5) 4. thermal: of or caused by heat thermal energy 热能 thermal insulation 隔热 thermal underwear 保暖内衣 thermal spring 温泉 5. in essence: (fml) essentially (used for emphasizing what is most important feature of sth. ) --What she is saying, in ~, is that the law does not protect against this type of abuse. --In ~, decision making is one of the steps in problem solving. Language Work (para. 4—5) 6. excess: <n./adj.> extra; additional; more than is usual Driving with ~ alcohol in the blood is a serious offence. Excess food is stored as fat. The drug can be harmful if taken in ~. Cf: excessive: <adj.> too much He considered the level of tax ~. The prices at this hotel are ~. Language Work (para. 4—5) 7. available: able to be used All the ~ money has been used. All the books in the library will be made ~ to us. 8. dramatically: very suddenly and noticeably The shampoo ~ increase the thickness of your hair. Pakistan’s relationship with India has changed ~ after that. A better water supply would contribute ~ to the villager’s well-being. Language Work (para. 4—5) 9. glacier: a slowly moving mass or river of ice 冰川; 冰河 continental glacier: 陆地冰川 Cf: iceberg: a large floating mass of ice 冰山 10. suggest: point to; mean She ~ed that I am responsible for the arrangement. I’m not ~ing that the accident was your fault. Government sources ~ed that the Prime Minister would not necessarily change his cabinet. Sentence Highlights 1. In essence, these gases are trapping excess heat in the earth’s atmosphere in much the same way that windshield traps solar energy that enters a car. (para. 4) Paraphrase In reality, these gases prevents excess heat from escaping back into space just like the windshield of a car holds heat inside. Sentence Highlights 2. Much of the available climate data appear to back these fears. (para. 5) Paraphrase Much of the present climate data appear to be evidence in support of our fears. 3. Readings gathered from glaciers reveal a steady recession of the world’s continental glaciers. (para. 5) Paraphrase The information gathered from glaciers show a constant receding of world’s continental glaciers. Part II: Subdivisions III. (Paragraph 6) The variation of climate changes in different parts of the world IV. (Paragraph 7 ) Threats to human health imposed by global warming Comprehension Check 1. According to some scientists, what would the changes in the climate bring about? 2. What is the IPCC’s prediction about the result of the climatic changes? 3. Who would suffer most from these changes? 4. How would the equatorial areas be affected by a slight increase in temperature and rainfall? 5. What would happen to low-lying islands if the sea level rose moderately? 6. What would hotter summers result in? 7. What would happen if the levels of near-surface ozone from cars and factories rose? Language Work (para. 6) 1. speculate: to think about the various aspects of a given subject; to meditate, guess (para. 6) --We don’t know why the prehistoric stone circles were built. We can only ~. --I wouldn’t like to ~ on the reasons on his resignation. Usage Notes: Speculate implies a reasoning on the basis of incomplete or uncertain evidence and therefore stresses the conjectural character of the opinions formed. Language Work (para. 6) 2. exceed: to be greater than, as in quantity or degree America’s chemical exports are to ~ imports this year. According to the law of this country, working hours must not ~ 42 hours a week. The success of Bill Gates ~ed all the expectations when the Windows operating system came into being. Synonyms: overshoot, overstep, surpass Language Work (para. 6) 3. mean: average The ~ yearly rainfall is 20 inches. The ~ of 5, 4, 10 and 15 is 8.5. 4. As far as… is concerned: to the degree that it has an influence on or matters to… As far as we’re concerned you can go whenever you want. (=we don’t mind when you go) As far as I’m concerned, the whole idea is crazy. Language Work (para. 7) 5. equatorial: of the equator The ~ climate of the Amazonian rain forests is hot and wet. 6. spark (off): to give out sparks; to stimulate or activate Some interesting questions are designed to ~ the reader’s brain. Even the smallest diplomatic incident can ~ (off) a major international conflict. Riots, ~ed off by the arrest of seven student leaders, have spread to other universities. Language Work (para. 7) 7. vector-borne diseases: diseases carried or transported by vector water-borne bacteria 由水传染的 droplet-borne H1N1 flu 飞沫传播的流感 8. riverbed: ground over which a river flows between banks 河床 flowerbed 花坛 ocean bed 洋底 9. coastline: the land along a coast The hotel has wonderful views of the rugged ~. Language Work (para. 7) 10. vulnerable: capable to be wounded and hurt --She is young and ~ to temptation. --Is there a particular type of person that is especially ~ to psychological problems? 11. perilous: extremely dangerous; of peril The country’s economy is now in grave peril. The economy is in a perilous state. The journey through the jungle was perilous. The change from dictatorship to democracy is always ~. Language Work (para. 7) 12. admission: person admitted to hospital for treatment There was a substantial reduction in hospital ~s. On ~ to hospital, you will be examined by a doctor. He’s applied for ~ to the local college. 13. respiratory: pertaining to respiration/breath The lungs are ~ organs. The death was caused by cardiac and ~ failure. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) Sentence Highlights 1. Not surprisingly, many scientists speculate that such changes in the climate will probably result in hotter days and fewer cool days. (para. 6) Paraphrase It is not surprising that many scientists reasons out the changes in the climate will probably cause hotter days and fewer cool days. Sentence Highlights 2. As far as human health is concerned, those hit hardest will probably be residents of poorer countries that do not have the funds to fend against changes in climate. (para. 7) Paraphrase As to the human health, it is those living in the poorer countries that will suffer most, because they do not have money to protect themselves from the diseases caused by climate changes. Sentence Highlights 3. The warmer temperatures may also lead to higher levels of near-surface ozone from cars and factories, … respiratory problems. (para. 7) Paraphrase The warmer temperatures may also cause the ozone near the surface of the earth to be at high levels. This ozone is mainly emitted by the cars and factories and is likely to do harm to the air we breathe; thus putting more people with weak respiratory systems at risk. To Sum up Match damage or diseases in para. 6—7 with climate changes in the following table. Slight increase in heat and rain an increase in vector diseases such as malaria Moderate rise in sea level Threat to the coastlines of low-lying islands More intense rain and hurricanes Severe flooding and more deaths Hotter summers and warmer temperature across the globe More cases of heart stroke and deaths; More hospital admissions for those with Respiratory problems Part III (para. 8—11) We should not only take immediate actions to slow down global warming and mitigate its impacts, but also introduce long-term polices to compact global warming. Comprehension Check 1. What kind of human activity can result in global warming? 2. How to reduce the emission of heat-trapping gases? 3. What else can we do to combat global warming in addition to reduced consumption of fossil fuel and protection of forests? 4. Whose efforts do the alleviation of or solution to global warming demand? Language Work (para.8) 1. take action: to begin to act --If you have already paid the amount shown on this bill, you need take no further action. 2. particle: very small pieces 颗粒 This type of smoke contains more, smaller ~s and is therefore more likely to be deposited deep in the lunges. There is not a ~ of truth in the statement. 通篇陈述没有一点真话。 Language Work (para.8-9) 3. deforestation: cutting down the trees Widespread ~ will lead to land erosion(水土流 失). 4. mitigate: to make an unpleasant situation or its effect less serious and less difficult to bear. Their extreme poverty is ~d slightly by the fact that Rosa has a part-time job. Soil erosion was ~d by the planting of trees. Actions will be taken to ~ poverty. Language Work (para.9-10) 5. adapt to: make fit for or change to suit a new purpose She has ~ed herself to the new life there. How can we ~ the curriculum to the needs of disabled learners? 6. advocate: support publicly He ~s a reduction in military spending. Heart disease specialists ~ a diet low in cholesterol (胆固醇). Language Work (para.10) 7. combat: to fight against The president emphasized the importance of ~ing international terrorism. The government sees price controls as a way to ~ inflation. 8. alternative: available as another possibility The coal industry should be abandoned in favour of ~ energy sources. Her father gave her the ~ of going on to college or starting to work. <n.> She had no ~ but to break the law. Language Work (para.10) 9. renewable: that can be renewed Sun, wind, and waves are ~ sources of energy. Your passport is ~. 10. clear-cutting: cutting completely Park staff cleared away dead trees. With a clear road ahead he shifted into high gear. The floor had been swept clear of litter. Cf: clean: free from dirt, marks, or stains The room was spotlessly clean. Language Work (para.11) 11. make a difference: have an effect Changing schools made a big ~ to my life. The color won’t make a real ~ to the design. 12. part: a share or responsibility in some activity This is a dishonest plan, and I want no ~ in it. He admitted his ~ in the robbery. Savings are being planned as ~ of a huge economy drive. Sentence Highlights 1. We can also do things to mitigate the impacts of global warming … that reduce our vulnerability to global warming. (para. 9) Paraphrase We can also take some measures to reduce the harm caused by global warming and adjust ourselves to what will most likely appear in the future, such as making good plans and strategies to protect ourselves from being hurt. Sentence Highlights 2. We are also advocating policies that will combat global warming … valuable forests. (para. 10) Paraphrase We are also in support of the policies that will be made against the global warming over a long period. For instance, we should encourage people to use clear fuels in place of gasoline for their cars, and adopt technologies that can renew the energy and be good to our environment. We should also stop cutting forests completely for one time. Conclusion In the past, we didn't understand the effect of our actions. Unknowingly, we sowed the wind and now, literally, we are reaping the whirlwind. But we no longer have that excuse: now we do recognise the consequences of our behaviour. Now surely, we must act to reform it: individually and collectively; nationally and internationally — or we doom future generations to catastrophe. —David Attenborough Assignment: A Debate Get prepared for a class-wide debate on the following proposition: Which should be first, economic development or environmental protection? To see a world in a grain of sand, And a heaven in a wild C l i c kflower, to edit company Hold infinity in the palm of your hand, And eternity in an hour. slogan . Thank you. To be continued. Lesson 3: Overview Duty Report Revision Translation Textbook Exercises Oral Practice Student’s Duty Report Student’s Duty Report Abbreviation TV (television) Dr (doctor) N. Y. (New York) Acronym UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) radar (radio detecting and ranging) CD-ROM (compact disk of ready-only-memory) Knowledge Expansion Blending smog (smoke + fog) brunch (breakfast + lunch) Clipping zoo (zoological garden) hi-fi (high fidelity) Back-formation televise (←television) lase (←laser) Revision Words in Focus E-C Translation C-E Translation Words in Focus: abundant 1. The country has an _____________ supply of fossil abundant fuel. (a. existing or available in large quantities) abundant in This area is _________________ natural resources. (a.+ prep. plentiful; abounding with; rich) 2. This area of France has an ____________ abundance of safe beaches and a pleasing climate. (n. a large quantity of sth.) in abundance Fruit and vegetables are available _______________. (prep. + n. ) 3. If things ________, ___________ abound or if a place abounds with things, there are a very large number of them. (vi.) a formal word. Words in Focus: radiation 1. The sun _______________both light and heat. (vt. radiates to send out light or heart in all directions from a central point) radiate from Heat and light __________________the sun. (vi.+ prep.) radiate If you _____________ an emotion or quality or if it _________________ you, people can see it very clearly radiates from in your face and in your behaviour. (vt. / vi. + prep.) 2. The evening sun warms the old red brick wall to a ______________ glow. (a. very bright) radiant Kathy smiled at her daughter’s ______________ face. radiant (a. extremely happy with joy shown on the face) Words in Focus: radiation 3. The old lady has the vigor and _____________ radiance of someone young enough to be her grand-daughter. ([U] great happiness which shows in someone’s face and makes him / her look very attractive) The dim bulb of the bedside lamp cast a soft _____________ over the child’s face. ([U] a glowing radiance light shining from sth.) 4. There is a clear link between exposure to ______________ and some forms of cancer. ([U] a radiation form of energy produced during a nuclear reaction that is used for making electrical power but can also kill or harm humans who receive too much of it) Words in Focus: adapt adapted 1. Many software companies have _____________ popular programs(通用程序) to the new operating system. . (v. to change sth. to make it suitable to or fit for a specific use or situation) We have to __________our plans ____ adapt to fit Jackson’s timetable. (v. / prep.) 2. Most businesses want insurance policies that are adaptable to _____________________changing circumstances. (a. + prep. that can be used in different situations or for different purposes) adapted It is a plant well ___________ to warm, wet surroundings. (a. fml especially suitable for sth. or someone) Words in Focus: adapt What we can do is to develop our ___________ adaptive abilities to deal with difficult situations. (a. fml having the ability or tendency to adapt to different situations) adaptation 3. The company specialize in the _____________ of industrial buildings for housing. ([U] the process of changing sth. so that it can be uses for a different purpose) The television ___________ adaptation of the best-seller was a great success. ([C] a book or play that has been made into a film, TV programme etc.) Word Review harbinger Daffodils are a h____________ of spring. What is the largest city in the southern h__________? hemisphere These factories are releasing toxic gases into the atmosphere a____________. He opened a newspaper and began to peruse p_______ the personal ads. At these latitudes l________ the sun does not rise at all on winter days. The plane flew at an altitude of 30,000 feet. Word Review The handwriting expert a_______ attested to the genuineness of the signature. The old fruits and vegetables d__________ decomposed quickly in the heat. The minister had to f_______ off some awkward fend questions from reporters. Hong Kong government has taken some effective measures to m___________ the negative effects of mitigate inflation. One engine of the plane caught fire and s_______ spewed black smoke. E-C Translation Paragraph 1 Twenty-five years ago if you made a trip to the local library and peruse the periodical section for articles on global warming, you’d probably have come up with only a few abstract from hardcore science journals or maybe a blurb in some esoteric geopolitical magazines. 25年前,如果你去当地图书馆仔细阅读期刊杂 志,寻找关于全球变暖的文章,你可能只能找到核 心期刊上的一点点摘要,或者只能在一些深奥的地 理杂志中找到一点内容简介。 E-C Translation Paragraph 2 If we don’t curb greenhouse gas emission, then low-lying nations could be awash in seawater, rain and drought patterns across the world would change, hurricanes could become more frequent, and El Niños could become more intense 假如我们不控制温室气体排放,那么那些低 洼地区的国家就可能会被海水淹没,全球范围的 雨水和干旱布局将会改变,飓风会越来越频繁, 厄尔尼诺现象可能会愈演愈烈。 E-C Translation Paragraph 3 What has worried many people now is that over the past 250 years humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 如今令许多人担心的是,在过去的250年间,人 类已经人为地提高了大气中温室气体的浓度。 E-C Translation Paragraph 4 In essence, these gases are trapping excess heat in the Earth’s atmosphere in much the same way that a windshield traps solar energy that enters a car. 本质上来说,这些气体阻滞了大气中多余热 量的散发,就如同汽车的挡风玻璃阻止进入车内 的太阳能散发一样。 E-C Translation Paragraph 5 Taken together, all of these data suggest that over the last century the planet has experienced the largest increase in surface temperature in 1,000 years. 所有这些数据表明,在过去的一百年里,地球 表面温度的上升速度是一千年里最快的。 E-C Translation Paragraph 6 Not surprisingly, many scientists speculate that such changes in the climate will probably result in hotter days and fewer cool days. 因此毫不奇怪,许多科学家推测气候的这种 变化很可能会导致炎热的日子越来越多,凉爽的 日子越来越少。 E-C Translation Paragraph 9 We can also do things to mitigate the impacts of global warming and adapt to those most likely to occur, e.g., through careful planning and other strategies that reduce our vulnerability to global warming. 我们也可以采取措施减轻全球变暖的影响,并 且适应极有可能发生的变化,例如,通过严密的计 划和其他策略来提高我们对全球变暖的抵抗力。 E-C Translation Paragraph 10 We are also advocating policies that will combat global warming over the long term, things like using clean cars that run on alternative fuels, environmentally responsible renewable energy technologies, and stopping the clear-cutting of valuable forests. 我们也提倡实施长期的抵御全球变暖的政策, 例如,使用靠其它燃料驱动的清洁型汽车,采用 环保的可循环更新的能源技术,停止对宝贵的森 林资源的滥砍滥伐。 Translation Practice He received death threats from right-wing groups. 他们用罢工威胁来迫使 他们的要求得以满足。 Drug abuses poses a major threat to the fabric of our society. 这些核武器的存在对未 来世界构成了严重的威 胁。 他收到了右翼团体的 死亡威胁。 They used the threat of strike action to enforce their demands. 吸毒成为对我们社会 结构的一大威胁。 The existence of these nuclear weapons poses a grave threat to the future of the world. Translation Practice Modern farming methods can 现代农业的耕作 have an adverse effect on the 技术对环境产生 environment. 了负面影响。 The advertising campaign 广告攻势对销售 didn’t have much effect on 额没有多大影响。 sales. 尽管我们受到蚊 We had problems with 子的困扰,但是 mosquitoes, but this spray 这种喷雾剂效果 had the desired effect. 很好。 Translation Practice 这种病的后遗症 之一是脱发。 One of the effects of this illness is that you lose your hair. 她的红色连衣裙 给所有人都留下 Her new red dress produced 了相当深的印象。 quite an effect on everyone. 不要关注细节, 考虑总体效果。 Don’t look at the details, consider the general effect. Translation Practice The scandal led to him resigning. 丑闻导致他辞职。 The cyclone in Myanmar has led to many thousands of deaths. 缅甸的龙卷风导致数千人死亡。 Reducing speed limits should lead to fewer deaths on the roads. 降低车速可以大大减少道路死亡的人数。 This has led scientists to speculate on the existence of other galaxies. 这使得科学家们推测还有其它星系存在。 Translation Practice The police had to take firm action to deal with the riots. 警方不得不采取坚决手段制止骚乱。 Firefighters took action immediately to stop the blaze spreading. 消防人员迅速采取措施阻止了火势的蔓延。 We must take action to deal with the problem before it spreads to other areas. 在这一问题扩大到其他地区之前,我们必须采取 行动解决它。 Translation Practice His illness resulted from eating contaminated food. 他的病是因为吃了不干净的食物。 The extensive damage resulted from a large explosion. 大面积的破坏是由于大爆炸造成的。 The hardship of so many elderly and disabled people resulted from a new tax policy. 新的税费政策使如此多的老年人和残疾人痛苦不 堪。 His difficulty in walking results from a childhood illness. Translation Practice Most of these tools have been specially adapted for use by disabled people. 这些工具大部分都专为残疾人而进行了改装。 When we moved to France, the children adapted (to the change) very well. 我们搬到法国后,孩子们适应得很快。 Adapting yourself to circumstances is halfway along the road to happiness. 随遇而安离幸福也就不远了。 The young man from the countryside adapted well to life in the big city. Textbook Exercises Note (page.187) Grammar Exercises Integrated Skills Cloze Dictation A Note: page 187 Yuri Gagarin (1934-1968) 加加林 a Soviet Union astronaut and hero He received medals from around the world for his pioneering tour in space. On 12th April, 1961 he became the first man in outer space and the first to orbit the Earth in Vostok I(“东方一 号”) Dictation It could be the title of / a 21" century horror movie;/ "Death by Global Warming". / Instead, it is a real-life warning / from an American university ecologist / who believes / global warming / may account for / millions of human deaths from disease. / Right now / the evidence of / significant global climate change / is minimal, / but there are already / noticeable increases / in human diseases worldwide. / Most of the increase in disease / is due to numerous environmental factors, / including infectious disease, / pollution by chemicals / and biological wastes, / and shortage of food. / Global warming will only / make matters worse. / Global climate change / will result in a loss of available food. / Although there may be some benefits / in crop production from warmer climates, / these beneficial effects / will not be so great. / Crop losses from plant disease and weeds / will increase in a warmer climate. Oral Practice: Debate Proposition: Which should be first, economic development or environmental protection? Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed.C l i c k t o e d i t c o m p a n y s l o g a n . Thank you.