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APES 3/3 AND 3/4 Please get a laptop and get out the modules 6364 organizer TEST TOPICS Module 46: Primary and secondary air pollutants; sources and effects; natural vs. anthropogenic Module 47: Photochemical smog and acid rain; causes and effects Module 48: Pollution control measures Module 49: Ozone depletion (this is the level you need to know, not my PPT) Module 50: Indoor air pollution (this is the level you need to know, not group presentations) Module 62: greenhouse effect, anthro. vs. natural sources of GG’s; rankings Module 63: General data trends and how they’re collected; positive and negative loops Module 64: Consequences of climate change; Kyoto basics LAB BOOK CHECK- MONDAY 1. 2. 3. 4. Tropospheric Ozone Lab (finish analysis questions) Bhopal Article Summary Indoor Air Pollution calculations (p. 2, 4 only) Smog City Packet (p. 5 only) MODULE 63 AND 64 MULTIPLE CHOICE Module 63 Module 64 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. E – increased photosynthesis counteracts excess CO2 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. E 5. B END OF CHAPTER 19 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. A- volcanic ash blocks sun D E E A A C E C D C HOMEWORK ACCURACY CHECK 1. 2. 3. 4. Module 62: rank the 5 greenhouse gases according to their warming potential Module 63: #10 Draw ONE of the two feedback loops Module 64: #5 Address COLD SPELLS only End of Chapter MC: What is the answer to #10? FINISH VIDEO Swap info to get complete notes and share with me for a grade GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL WARMING VS. CLIMATE CHANGE? NASA Finds 2011 Ninth-Warmest Year on Record (since 1880) Since 1998, only two years have not been in the top 15 warmest years on record- ever. BUT IT IS MORE COMPLICATED THAN THAT… Wet areas will get wetter and dry areas drier TOP 3 INFLUENCERS OF CLIMATE SUN – WITHOUT IT WE WOULD BE EITHER TOO HOT OR TOO COLD! Amount of sun reaching Earth varies- solar storms occur every few years, dumping huge amounts of energy into the atmosphere If solar storms were the cause of increased global temps, we would see temps increasing most in the summer and nearest to the equator (most sunlight) Not consistent with data- winter shows greatest temp increase and poles are most affected. Greenhouse gases are the more likely cause GREENHOUSE EFFECT – IT’S NOT A BAD THING! Greenhouse Effect! GREENHOUSE GASSES Absorb and release solar radiation that is being reflected from the Earth’s surface Major Greenhouse gasses: Water Vapor (H2O) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs) SOURCES OF GREENHOUSE GASSES Carbon dioxide Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation Methane Production of coal and intensive agriculture (cows & rice) Nitrous Oxide Feedlots, manufacture of fertilizers, and burning of fossil fuels WHY IS CO2 THE PRIMARY CONCERN? Even though it doesn’t trap as much heat, there is a huge amount of it compared to the other GHGs CO2 FLUCTUATES THROUGHOUT THE YEAR – WHY? RECENT CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE GLOBALLY THE OCEAN Atmosphere-ocean interaction OCEAN ABSORPTION OF CO2 Photosynthesis by Phytoplankton Diffusion CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Impact on atmosphere? Less CO2 Impact on ocean? More acidic FEEDBACK LOOPS If the temperature is increasing, how will this impact the amount of CO2 that can dissolve in the ocean? It will decrease, gasses dissolve less in warm water. Is this an example of Positive or Negative Feedback? Positive Feedback As the climate warms, less CO2 will be dissolved in the ocean from the atmosphere, which means there will be more CO2 in the atmosphere to increase the warming effect DO YOU REMEMBER CONVECTION CIRCULATION AND UPWELLING? Where is High and Low Pressure? High Pressure OCEAN CIRCULATION AND CLIMATE EL NINO – SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) OCEAN CIRCULATION – EL NINO Normal Conditions Wetter/Low pressure in Western Pacific Dry/High pressure in Eastern Pacific Upwelling along Eastern Pacific ENSO – El Nino Southern Oscillation Starts in winter months El Nino causes trade winds to weaken and reverse Impacts? Drought in W. Pacific Heavy rain in E. Pacific Upwelling stops Declines in fisheries in E. Pacific LA NINA Opposite of El Nino!! A cooling event, through most of the Pacific Link between El Nino and increasing greenhouse gasses in atmosphere? IS A EL NINO OR LA NINA DEVELOPING OCEAN CIRCULATION AND CLIMATE – THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION Warm, fresh water near surface Cold, salty water (denser) in the deep Ocean Conveyor Belt/Heat Pump What would happen if big chunks of Greenland melted? Could stop heat pump and trigger cooling POSSIBLE IMPACTS Melting snow/ice increasing sea level Agriculture Certain crops won’t grown in some areas anymore Growing seasons will change Loss of Biodiversity/Species shifts Changes in food resources and suitable habitat Change in migration patterns Forestry Increases in insects & other pests Drought & more fire Health Increase in diseases that thrive in warm climates Economics LAND ICE VARIATIONS http://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/land-ice/ Climate change deniers will cite the fact that some sea ice is thickening on the east side of Antarctica Land ice = 1000x thicker than sea ice OTHER POSSIBLE FEEDBACKS OF WARMER WEATHER Negative Feedbacks More trees/algae grow to take in CO2 More evaporation more clouds reflecting solar radiation Increases in aerosols (particulates from pollution, volcanoes, etc) could absorb and/or block heat Positive Feedbacks Warmer weather causes permafrost to melt and release CH4 Snow melts so amount of reflected solar radiation decreases More evaporation more water vapor in troposphere (which is a GHG) OUR RESPONSE? Mitigation Reduce greenhouse gasses Use less electricity: Conservation and/or Efficiency Use alternative fuels Adaptation Respond to impacts of the changes Build seawalls Change farming practices INTERNATIONAL TREATIES BIG QUESTIONS: Voluntary vs. Mandatory? Who enforces them? 1988: Creation of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) – becomes THE major player http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm 1992: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) Voluntary Signed by 150 countries including the U.S. Reduction of GHGs by 2000 to 1990 limits KYOTO PROTOCOL – MEETING HAPPENED IN DECEMBER OF 1997 Goal: Reduce GHGs to 5% below 1990 levels by 2012 Would be legally binding when 55% of world’s emissions are accounted for Did not take legal effect until 2/2005 Only UN countries not to sign – Afghanistan, Andorra, South Sudan, and U.S. (Canada pulled out 12/11) Divides countries into Annex I, Annex II, & Developing Annex I – Industrialized Annex II – Industrialized & Financially responsible for helping developing countries meet target Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States of America Developing CONFERENCES OF THE PARTIES (COP 21) 2015 climate change talks occurred in Paris Agreement reached to try to keep temp. increase under 2 degrees C by year 2100 Each country submits an action plan and reports in every 5 years starting in 2020 http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en/more-detailsabout-the-agreement/ DUE NEXT TIME Study for test and prepare lab book! Complete the greenhouse gases phet tutorial