Download homework - Department of Meteorology and Climate Science

Terrence Mullens
Outline
 Global/International Policies
 Federal/National Policies
 State/City/Local Policies
 Personal Policies (i.e. What YOU are doing)
Recall…
 IPCC
 Assessments suggest human influence on climate
 Use climate models to predict future temp changes
 Kyoto Protocol
 In effect in Feb 2005
 Sets emission targets for 37 industrialized nations
 Reduce GHG emissions 5% below 1990
 No target for developing countries
 US did not sign
 Expires next year!
 Several possible successors have been considered
(Copenhagen, 2009, Washington, 2007)
Challenges
 One of the biggest challenges is how to allow
developing countries to continue their growth without
increasing Greenhouse Gasses.
 Kyoto practically allowed for them to use whatever
means necessary to develop, while asking developed
countries to reduce their emissions.
 Seems very fair, but it’s the reason why the United States
did not sign it.
UN Climate Change Conference
 “Copenhagen Summit” or COP15
 7-18 December 2009 in Copenhagen, Denmark
 Follow-up to Kyoto protocol
 Intent to establish policy beyond 2012
 A follow-up to many UN CCC’s
 Bali Roadmap created at COP13 in Bali, Indonesia in
2007
 Says binding agreements to be made at Copenhagen
 High expectations for legally binding agreements at
Copenhagen!
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon
Israeli
President
Shimon
Peres
Copenhagen Accord
Drafted by US, China, India, Brazil, South Africa
Primary stipulations:
 Keep global temp increase below 2°C
 Cut GHG emissions (each country to establish their
reduction goals)
 Raise funds to help developing countries grow
sustainably
 Reduce deforestation and promote sustainable land use
US proposed to cut GHG levels by 17% below 2005
levels by 2020
Problems of Copenhagen Accord
 Not legally binding, no firm commitments made
 Many countries (especially developing) oppose, as well
as NGO’s
 Countries stated their proposed actions, but no
agreement reached
 Many perceive COP15 and Copenhagen Accord as a
failure.
Copenhagen Accord
Fierce negotiations took place during conference, near
end of conference it seemed no agreements could be
reached
Large protests, 40,000-100,000 people
People wanted “strong and binding agreement”
between countries on climate change mitigation
By end of Jan 2010, 140 countries “agreed” to
Copenhagen accord
Copenhagen accord
 Further negotiations have occurred and are planned.
 COP 16 in Cancun, Mexico in 2010
 COP 17 in South Africa in 2011
 Either Qatar or South Korea in 2012
 It’s quite likely that the 2012 meeting will be soon
enough to prevent a gap in the commitment periods
between Kyoto and Copenhagen
Other attempts
 Washington Declaration, 2007 (aka the G8 + 5)
 A NON-BINDING agreement between most developed
countries, as well as several developing countries. (The
U.S., U.K., Russia, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, and
Japan (G8), and Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South
Africa)
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Global cap-and-trade system that would apply to both
developed and developing countries.
Hoped to have this in place by 2009… obviously we all know
that didn’t happen.
This agreement obviously leaves out many other foreign
countries
Assembly Bill 32
California Global Warming Solutions Act
Signed by Gov. Schwarzenneger 2006
Sets 2020 emissions reduction goal as a law
1990 emission levels target for 2020
Stipulations of AB 32
 Firm limit on emissions for all consumers/producers
 Per capita reduction from 14 tons CO2/year to 10
tons/year
 Reduction in 30% of vehicle GHG emissions by 2016
 Improved appliance efficiency standards
 Add 1 million solar roofs, alternative energy sources
 Adopt green building practices, green existing
buildings for efficiency
 More efficient agricultural equipment, distribution
 Emissions audit for largest 800 emitters in CA
 Reduce methane from landfills with high recycling,
zero waste programs
Opposition to AB 32
 Concern it will cost small businesses money, place
restrictions on small business
 Concern it will drive business and industry out of state
 Green jobs fastest growing job market in CA!
 Concern it will add thousands to household
bills/homeowner costs
 Efficient appliances, buildings reduce bills
 AB 32 rules and market mechanisms to take effect Jan
1, 2012, and become legally enforceable!
Proposition 23
 Called the “California Jobs Initiative” by it’s supporters
and the “Dirty Energy Initiative” by opponents.
 If passed, it would have suspended the
implementation of AB 32 until the state’s
unemployment rate dropped below 5.5% for four
consecutive quarters (a fiscal year)
 This has only occurred four times in the past 30 years…
so essentially, Prop 23 would have killed AB 32 for quite a
while.
 Proponents argued that it would spur job creation by
making the state more business friendly.
Prop 23 Protests
Is reducing environmental
regulations the only thing that
creates jobs?
 Does the money saved by companies due to
deregulation even go into job creation?
 What are alternative ways of creating jobs?
 Outsourcing?
 Green Jobs?
 “Stimulus Projects”?
 Infrastructure improvements?
San Jose Green Vision
 Within 15 years, the City of San José in tandem with its residents and
businesses will:
 1. Create 25,000 Clean Tech jobs as the World Center of Clean Tech
Innovation
 2. Reduce per capita energy use by 50 percent
 3. Receive 100 percent of our electrical power from clean renewable sources
 4. Build or retrofit 50 million square feet of green buildings
 5. Divert 100 percent of the waste from our landfill and convert waste to
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energy
6. Recycle or beneficially reuse 100 percent of our wastewater (100 million
gallons per day)
7. Adopt a General Plan with measurable standards for sustainable
development
8. Ensure that 100 percent of public fleet vehicles run on alternative fuels
9. Plant 100,000 new trees and replace 100 percent of our streetlights with
smart, zero-emission lighting
10. Create 100 miles of interconnected trails
San Jose Green Vision
 Try to keep San Jose at forefront of innovation
 Measurable goals! Helps with public motivation
 Launched in 2007
 Give incentives for clean tech companies
 Incentives for solar panels
 Improve transit system
 Adopt and encourage efficiency products
lighting)
 Green building ordinances
 Increase recycled H2O
(ex:
Thin film solar technology
San Jose energy use goals
How San Jose’s doing
Other Policies:
Carbon Offsets
 People can purchase carbon offsets to reduce their
carbon footprint
 Ex- flight to Europe adds 3-4 tons to your carbon
footprint!
 Purchase carbon credits at $5-$20 per ton to “offset”
carbon emitted by your actions
 Carbon trade companies invest in projects that reduce
GHG’s
 Install windmills, geothermal, solar energy projects
Carbon Trade Companies
Make sure you use a reputable company. Research
their standards and practices.
Gold Standard companies adhere to strictest
regulations
Some notable, respected companies:
 Airshed (New Zealand)
 Climate Care (UK)
 GEQ (Chile)
 ZeroCO2 (Canada)
 Native Energy (US)
Compliance vs. Voluntary Market
 Some businesses, governments are required to
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purchase carbon offsets under Kyoto Protocol if not
meeting their goals
Compliance market
Large share of carbon trade
Countries/governments can trade with countries with
carbon surplus or purchase credits
Most businesses, local governments, NGO’s and
individuals part of voluntary market
Trading volumes much smaller
No established rules, regulations. Purchasing credits
to help reduce GHG’s
rebates and incentives
 Local and Federal government programs offer rebates
and incentives to individuals and small businesses
 Not manditory
 Designed to increase efficiency and lower amount of
energy used by individual/business
 Main categories:
 Building materials
 Appliances
 Energy
 Water
Examples of Rebates/Incentives
 Photovoltaics (solar) installed on home or business
 Tax credit of 30% of cost from US Dept of Energy
 From excess solar energy created by your system
 $1.10-1.90 per watt given to public utility system from
CA Public Utilities Commission
 Energy efficient building materials (roofing, doors,
insulation, windows, lighting
 Rebates both local and federal
 Rebates for energy efficient appliances (Energy Star)
 In Monterey County, $25 rebate per 100 gallons up
to 25,000 gallons for installing water catchment
system
Challenges to a “Carbon-Friendly”
Lifestyle
 Much of the carbon-friendly infrastructure is still
considered extremely costly to individuals.
 Toyota Prius: $23,250
 Solar Panel instillation: at least $8,000 (Before 30%
credit)
 Even more energy-friendly appliances are most costly…
though those costs can quickly be offset by energy
savings… so there is a benefit.
More practical ways to reduce
carbon footprint…
 Eat more energy efficient foods
 Chicken, Fish, and especially vegetables are much more
carbon-friendly
More practical ways…
 Traveling a short distance (say, less than 5 miles)? Ride
a bike, or walk!
 Longer distance? Public Transportation and Carpools
are great!
 Here in the Bay area, we have an excellent public
transportation system, making it easy to get around,
even long distances.
Traveling even further?
 Consider taking the train!
 While it takes longer, it
is about 20% more
energy efficient than
flying, and about 30%
more than driving.
(Source: US Department
of Energy)
 In addition to being
more efficient, taking
the train offers some
great views!
The Green Ninja
 An inter-departmental
effort between the SJSU
College of Science and
the College of
Humanities and Arts.
 A “Climate Action
Superhero” who battles
Global Warming by
showing people how to
live more energy-efficient
lifes.
The Green Ninja: Pilot Episode
 http://www.youtube.com/user/GreenNinjaTV#p/a/u/1
/b1olSYWclvI
Conclusions
 The Global Policy Issue in dealing with climate change
deals with allowing developing countries to develop.
 The Federal/State Policy Issue in dealing with climate
change deals with creating an eco-friendly yet
economical/job-creating state.
 The more local and individual policy issues deal with
both affording eco-friendly infrastructure and
lifestyles as well as encouraging more practical steps to
reducing carbon footprints.
Final thoughts
 While Climate Change and Environmental issues are often
sensationalized into major issues such as GLOBAL
warming and GLOBAL/FEDERAL steps to counteract it,
this perspective makes it hard for us to feel like we can/do
make a difference.
 An alternative approach is to incorporate a more
individualistic view on what can be done. In other words,
don’t get overwhelmed with the big picture.
 Seek many smaller steps in your own life to make the world a
better place, such as using your car less, or recycling, or even
by not littering. If everyone did this, the larger problems
wouldn’t be so large.
Resources
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Air Resources Board www.ARB.ca.gov
COP15 www.denmark.dk/en.cop15.dk
Green Vision San Jose www.greenvision.sanjose.gov
US Department of Energy www.energysavers.gov
Tufts Climate Initiative
http://www.tufts.edu/tie/carbonoffsets
Environmental Protection Agency www.epa.gov
Gold Standard www.cdmgoldstandard.org
Wikipedia www.en.wikipedia.org
The Green Ninja http://www.greenninja.org/
Participation
 You have discussed challenges we face with climate
change and ways to mitigate climate change and
greenhouse gas emissions
 Write down:
 3 things the US/California/San Jose could do to limit
global warming
 3 things YOU can do as people/consumers/students to
reduce GHG and limit global warming
 Was this lecture clearer/more understandable/better
overall from my last one or not? More suggestions.
If we have time…
 Let’s discuss this!
 What can we do to heal our planet?
 What are some challenges to doing so? What are some
excuses to doing so?
 Do you really think pollution creates jobs? Or just
profit?
 Why should we even care? Political, Moral, Religious
reasons? Stewardship reasons (Being smart with what
we have)?