Download Climate Change and the Caribbean - Organization of American States

Climate Change and the Caribbean
the Case and the Responses
Ian C King
Project Officer
Adapting to Climate Change in the Caribbean
(ACCC) Project
[email protected] tel. (246) 417-4579
Overview
•
•
•
•
Is GCC really happening
Why GCC is an issue for the Caribbean
What have we been doing
Challenges for the future – particularly for
National Meteorological and Hydrological
Services
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The Evidence
Prof. G. O. P. Obasi, WMO Secretary-General
at 8th UNFCCC COP
• Recalled that the WSSD held in South
Africa called for GHG stabilisation to
prevent dangerous anthropogenic influence
and allow ecosystems to adapt naturally and
so ensure sustainable development
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The Evidence - GHGs
• GHG Atmospheric concentrations
– By 1st COP in 1995
• 359.5 ppmv
• Increase of 28% since industrialization
– By end 2001
• 370 ppmv
– Annual growth rates fluctuates from 0.5
ppmv/year to 3.5 ppmv/year
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The Evidence – Temperatures & SLR
• 1990s warmest decade on record
– 1998 the warmest year
– 2001 the second
• Global average surface temperature
– Increase by 0.6 oC since the 1860’s
– Most of warming in the 20th Century especially
• 1920 – 1945
• Post 1976
– IPCC suggest that most of the warming in last 30 – 50 years
due to anthropogenic sources
– Reduction in snow and ice cover – especially in non-polar
mountain glaciers
• Rise in average sea-level of 18 – 20 cm
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Global Temperature Variation 1860 – 2000
IPCC TAR
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Global Temperature Variation over 1000 years
(Northern hemisphere) - IPCC TAR
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Variations of the Earth’s Surface Temperature
1000 to 2100
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Figure 3
New Providence July Temperature Comparison:
Monthly-Extreme-Maximum, Mean-Daily-Maximum and Mean-Daily
Monthly Extreme Maximum
Mean Daily Maximum
Mean Daily
Linear (Monthly Extreme Maximum)
Linear (Mean Daily Maximum)
Linear (Mean Daily)
96
94
y = 0.0585x + 89.953
92
Temperature (F)
90
88
y = 0.0481x + 87.684
86
84
82
y = 0.0406x + 81.001
80
78
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
Year
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1980
1985
1990
1995
10
2000
Annual Precipitation
(1901 – 1995)
Green = increasing, Brown = decreasing
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Annual Mean Sea Level in Key West
Fig. 2. Annual mean sea level at Key West from 1846-1992:
insert shows the bootstrap estimate of the linear trend and its
variability. The dashed line is the least squares linear trend
and the solid lines are the 99% CI for the trend.
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Change in Annual Precipitation
for the 2050’s
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Temperature Trends
(1901 – 1996)
Red = warming, Blue = cooling
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Past and Future CO2 Atmospheric
Concentrations
Figure SPM-10a: Atmospheric CO2concentration from year 1000 to year 2000 from ice core data and from
direct atmospheric measurements over the past few decades. Projections of CO2concentrations for the
period 2000 to 2100 are based on the six illustrative SRES scenarios and IS92a (for comparison with the
SAR). Q9 Figure 9-1a
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The Evidence – Weather
• Unprecedented weather extremes such as tropical
cyclones, severe floods & droughts
– Recently major storm events & floods in Europe, Asia,
Africa and South America
• Mozambique, 2000 storm events Elyne & Gloria est. direct
& in-direct economic cost of 11.6% of GNP
– Record breaking droughts in middle Eastern countries,
Brazil, Horn of Africa & central Asia to N China
• China 2001 drought 2nd most severe since 1949 (<1978)
• 13 million people in Southern Africa affected by severe
drought in 2002
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IPCC Assessments of Extreme Events with Climate Change
(TAR Summary for Policy Makers (SPM) – Working Group II, 2001)
Very likely (90%)
Likely (66-90%)
•More hot days & heat
waves
•Reduced frost days &
cold waves
•More intense
precipitation events over
many areas
•Increased summer drying over
•Increased intensity of midmost mid-latitude continental
latitude storms (especially in
interiors
winter)
•Increase in tropical cyclone peak
wind intensities mean and peak
precipitation intensities (over
some areas)
•Intensified floods and droughts
associated El Nino events in
many different regions
•Increased Asian summer
monsoon precipitation variability
IDSD Presentation - Oct '03
Moderately likely (3366%) (or lack of agreement
between models)
17
The Evidence – ENSO
• Warm ENSO episodes
– consistently leads to regional variabilities in precipitation &
temperature over tropics, sub-tropics & some mid-latitudes
– More frequent, persistent and intense since the mid-1970’s
compared to previous 100 years
• Note 1997/1998 El Nino event was very strong affecting 110
million people and estimated to cost US $96 billion in damage
• Current El Nino is predicted to be weak
– IPCC 2001 - The Scientific Basis, SPM "...global warming is
likely to lead to greater extremes of drying and heavy
rainfall.....that occur with El Nino events in many regions".
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IPCC Third Assessment Report
• IPCC TAR in 2001 concluded
– “there is new and stronger evidence that most
of the warming observed over the past 50 years
is attributable to human activities.”
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Climate Change: A Priority for the
Caribbean
• World’s industrial powers (OECD) account for 20%
world’s population, but are responsible for >50 % of
global emissions – the cause of global warming and
resultant climate change.
• Developing countries emit < 25 % of total GHG
emissions.
• Small Island States emit < 1% of global emissions.
• SIDS have contributed little to the problem but are
among the most vulnerable groups to GCC, and have low
adaptive capacity.
– Hence adaptation rather than mitigation is most appropriate
course
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Climate Change: A Priority for the
Caribbean
• Expected climate change impacts for region
include:
– Sea level rise
• Saline intrusion into freshwater aquifers
• Coastal flooding and erosion
– Increased temperatures
• Heat stress
• Coral bleaching
• Biodiversity loss
• Increased emergence of vector borne
diseases
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Climate Change: A Priority for the
Caribbean
– Changes in rainfall patterns
• Droughts or floods
• Decreased fresh water availability
– Increased intensity of storm activity
• Direct damage of infrastructure
• Loss of lives
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Possible Climate Change Impacts on
Tourism
• Direct damage to tourism plant and natural resources
– Coral reefs
– Beaches
• Loss of attractiveness of the region as a destination
– Impacts on health – emergence of dengue, malaria,
etc.
– Reduced dive tourism if coral reefs are damaged
– Milder Winters in the North
• Loss of employment in the industry
• Increased insurance costs for properties in vulnerable
areas
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Significance of Estimated
Changes
• Economists Erik Haites (IPCC leader)and
Dennis Pantin (UWI St. Augustine) asked
by World Bank to estimate damages that
may arise to CARICOM countries based on
IPCC TAR projections
• Temperature, rainfall, SLR, tropical storms
and hurricanes
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CARICOM
Trinidad &
Tobago
St. Vincent
St. Lucia
St. Kitts
Jamaica
Guyana
Grenada
Dominica
Belize
Barbados
Bahamas
Economic impacts
Antigua &
Barbuda
Economic Impact of Climate Change in the Caribbean (1999 US$ million)
(components may not sum to the total due to rounding)
LOW CASE
HURRICANE
DAMAGE
TOURISM
Reduced tourism
Loss of beaches
Facility replacement
Lost dive-, ecotourism
Total
INFRASTRUCTURE
Loss of land
Housing replacement
Other buildings
Roads, etc.
Reduced water supply
Flood damage
Total
AGRICULTURE
Loss of production
Flood damage
Total
$30.5
$19.8
$7.1
$7.7
$0.8
$0.2
$2.6
$37.6
$9.4
$41.7
$1.0
- $158.3
$10.0
$5.2
$0.9
$0.5
$54.6
$28.5
$2.8
$2.7
$23.4
$12.2
$1.2
$1.2
$3.9
$0.8
$0.1
$2.1
$1.7
$0.3
$0.1
$0.9
$2.1
$1.1
$0.5
$0.1
$1.8
$0.4
$1.0
$44.2
$23.0
$1.5
$2.2
$2.4
$1.3
$0.7
$0.1
$10.7
$5.6
$0.6
$0.5
$2.7
$1.4
$0.3
$0.1
$6.9 $164.5
$3.6 $83.4
$0.4
$9.1
$0.4 $11.9
$16.6
$88.6
$38.0
$6.9
$3.0
$3.8
$3.2
$70.9
$4.5
$17.4
$4.5
$11.3 $268.9
$0.6
$3.1
$6.1
$1.7
$0.5
$0.1
$12.1
$13.8
$11.1
$21.6
$6.0
$2.0
$0.1
$54.6
$0.4
$14.4
$28.1
$7.9
$1.8
$0.1
$52.7
$1.5
$10.6
$20.8
$5.8
$0.6
$3.7
$7.2
$2.0
$0.5
$2.3
$4.6
$1.3
$0.6
$9.6
$18.8
$5.2
$0.1
$38.8
$0.1
$13.6
$0.5
$1.8
$3.5
$4.1 $29.0 $113.8
$7.9 $56.6 $222.0
$2.2 $15.8 $62.0
$0.6
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$15.4 $103.3 $401.4
$0.1
$8.8
$0.1
$34.3
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
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$0.1
$0.1
$0.3
$2.8 $26.8
$6.0 $66.5 $274.5
$11.8 $129.7 $535.2
$3.3 $36.2 $149.6
$4.9
$0.1
$0.1
$0.6
$21.5 $235.3 $991.6
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
25
$0.6
$0.6
FISHERIES
Loss of production
PUBLIC HEALTH
Illness
Hurricane deaths
(no.)
Hurricane injuries
(no.)
Total
ECOSYSTEMS
Beaches
Coral Reefs
Total
OTHER IMPACTS
CARICOM
Trinidad &
Tobago
St. Vincent
St. Lucia
St. Kitts
Jamaica
Guyana
Grenada
Dominica
Belize
Barbados
Bahamas
Economic impacts
Antigua &
Barbuda
Economic Impact of Climate Change in the Caribbean (1999 US$ million)
(components may not sum to the total due to rounding)
0.16
$0.1
0.14
$0.1
0
$0.1
1.35
0.11
0
$0.3
0.18
$0.9
2.72
0.12
$0.1
0.86
0.07
$0.5
0.12
$2.2
5.82
7.28
0
0
23.28
0.02
0
0
0
1.23
0
0.74
0
32.54
-
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
-
-
$0.3
$0.9
-
$0.1
-
$0.5
$2.2
$0.8
$0.5
$1.3
$6.7
$6.8
$13.5
$0.2
$0.2
$0.4
$0.7
$2.9
$3.6
$0.2
$0.2
$0.4
$0.2
$0.3
$0.5
$0.8
$0.8
$1.6
$1.7
$2.7
$4.4
$0.2
$0.4
$0.6
$0.2
$0.4
$0.6
$0.2
$0.3
$0.5
$1.3
$0.2
$1.5
$13.3
$15.8
$32.1
TOTAL IMPACT
(US$1999)
$60.6 $176.7
$98.1
$57.0
$18.0
$20.2 $111.0 $515.2
$23.4
$94.2
$27.7 $248.7 $1,450.6
TOTAL IMPACT
(US$2000)
GDP (US$2000)
Impact as % of GDP
$62.0 $180.8 $100.4
$58.3
$18.4
$20.5 $113.6 $526.9
$23.9
$96.3
$28.3 $254.4 $1,483.7
$688 $4,800 $2,600
9.0%
3.8%
3.9%
$826
7.1%
$270
6.8%
$$10
5.0%
$314
7.6%
$707
13.6%
$333 $7,300 $26,360
8.5%
3.5%
5.6%
$712 $7,400
16.0%
7.1%
Note: - indicates a value less than US$0.05 million
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CARICOM
Trinidad &
Tobago
St. Vincent
St. Lucia
St. Kitts
Jamaica
Guyana
Grenada
Dominica
Belize
Barbados
Bahamas
Economic impacts
Antigua &
Barbuda
Economic Impact of Climate Change in the Caribbean (1999 US$ million)
(components may not sum to the total due to rounding)
HIGH CASE
HURRICANE
DAMAGE
TOURISM
Reduced tourism
Loss of beaches
Facility replacement
Lost dive-,ecotourism
Total
INFRASTRUCTURE
Loss of land
Housing replacement
Other buildings
Roads, etc.
Reduced water
supply
Flood damage
Total
AGRICULTURE
Loss of production
Flood damage
Total
$117.8
$27.3
$29.6
$3.2
$0.7
$9.9 $145.0
$36.4 $160.7
$30.6 $166.2 $71.1
$45.4 $247.0 $105.6
$7.6 $24.6 $10.1
$1.5
$8.3
$3.6
$11.8
$4.0
$0.4
$6.5
$5.2
$1.8
$1.2
$2.8
$6.5
$9.7
$4.6
$0.3
$5.5 $134.4
$1.9 $199.7
- $12.9
$3.0
$6.7
$7.4
$10.9
$6.0
$0.4
$85.1 $446.1 $190.4
$22.7
$11.0
$21.1
$10.4 $353.7
$24.7
$10.4 $241.9
$6.6 $26.4
$21.8 $77.0 $100.3 $73.9
$42.6 $150.1 $195.5 $144.2
$6.0 $21.0 $27.3 $20.1
$0.8
$3.4
$3.0
$10.4
$25.8
$50.2
$7.0
$8.3 $31.4 $60.5
$28.2 $201.7 $790.8
$54.9 $393.4 $1,542.1
$7.7 $55.0 $215.4
$1.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$81.7 $493.5 $332.8 $264.7
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$93.5 $100.3 $681.6 $2,608.9
$0.1
$0.1
$76.2
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
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$0.1
$0.1
$3.7
- $610.5
$32.7
$48.5
$5.4
$1.6
$8.3
$12.3
$2.6
$0.4
$21.1 $500.5
$31.4 $718.1
$4.0 $79.3
$1.1 $36.2
$88.2
$23.6
$57.6 $1,334.1
$9.2 $10.8
$16.3 $67.0
$31.8 $130.6
$4.4 $18.2
$5.7 $48.1 $469.8
$42.0 $462.1 $1,906.9
$82.0 $901.2 $3,718.5
$11.5 $125.9 $519.5
$8.4
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$1.6
$61.8 $226.7 $141.3 $1,537.4 $6,624.7
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
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$1.6
$1.6
FISHERIES
Loss of production
PUBLIC HEALTH
Illness
Hurricane deaths (no.)
Hurricane injuries (no.)
Total
ECOSYSTEMS
Beaches
Coral reefs
Total
OTHER IMPACTS
TOTAL
(US$1999)
0.63
28.08
-
CARICOM
Trinidad
Tobago
St. Vincent
St. Lucia
St. Kitts
Jamaica
Guyana
Grenada
Dominica
Belize
Barbados
Bahamas
Economic impacts
Antigua
Barbuda
&
&
Economic Impact of Climate Change in the Caribbean (1999 US$ million)
(components may not sum to the total due to rounding)
$0.1
0.54
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
$0.1
5.20
89.78
$0.1
0.41
0.08
-
-
$0.2
0.68
$0.2
$0.9
10.48
$0.9
0.47
4.73
-
$0.1
3.31
$0.1
0.28
2.84
-
$0.5
$2.2
0.45 22.44
- 125.50
$0.5
$2.2
$8.6 $76.5
$2.1 $27.4
$10.7 $103.9
$2.1
$0.9
$3.0
$8.3
$11.6
$19.9
$2.4
$0.9
$3.3
$2.4
$1.3
$3.7
$9.9
$3.2
$13.1
$19.1
$10.8
$29.9
$2.6
$1.6
$4.2
$2.2
$1.4
$3.6
$2.4
$1.2
$3.6
$15.2 $151.7
$0.9 $63.2
$16.1 $214.9
IMPACT $295.3 $1,119.9 $553.8 $337.2 $111.2 $126.0 $715.4 $3,138.6 $127.2 $479.4 $172.4 $1,611.6 $8788.0
TOTAL
IMPACT $302.1 $1,145.5 $566.4 $344.9 $113.7 $128.9 $731.7 $3,210.3 $130.1 $490.4 $176.3 $1,648.4 $8,988.7
(US$2000)
GDP (US$2000)
$688 $4,800 $2,600
$826
$270
$$10
$712 $7,400
$314
$707
$333 $7,300 $26,360
Impact as % of GDP
43.9% 23.9% 21.8% 41.8% 42.1% 31.4% 102.8% 43.4% 41.4% 69.4% 53.0% 22.6% 34.1%
Note: - indicates a value less than US$0.05 million
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Summary of Economists
Estimates
• Low scenario to 2050
– $1.5 billion in total damages
– Ranging from 3.5% to 16% GDP
• High Scenario
• US $9 billion per year
• 24% to 103% of GDP
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Increased Cases Due to Climate Change and Associated Costs
for Selected Diseases, Cuba
Increased
Cases
Disease
Cost of
Increased
Cases
(US$, 000)
$1,468
Increased
Hospital
Admissions
Cost of
Total Cost
Increased
Increase
Hospital
Admissions
(US$, 000) (000 pesos)
99,784
$1,135
$2,603
Acute
respiratory
332,615
infections (ARIs)
Acute
diarrhoeal
137,378
$895
41,213
diseases (ADDs)
Viral hepatitis (VH)
11,027
$48
3,308
Varicella (V)
19,353
$85
Meningococcal
3,001
3,001
meningitis
Total cost
$2,496
Source: Ortiz Bultó, et al., 2002 and personal communications.
IDSD Presentation - Oct '03
$302
$1,196
$66
$80
$113
$85
$80
$1,582
$4,078
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Climate Change: A Priority for the
Caribbean
• SIDS meeting, 1994
– BPOA
• Climate change identified as priority area
of concern, requiring “urgent action”
• CPACC Project formulated after a series
of national and regional consultations
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The Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to
Global Climate Change (CPACC) Project
• The GEF-funded Project (1997-2001) was
executed by the Organization of American States
in partnership with the University of the West
Indies for Environment and Development,
(UWICED) for the World Bank as the GEF
Implementing Agency.
• The Project’s overall objective was to support
Caribbean countries in preparing to cope with the
adverse effects of GCC, particularly sea-level rise
in coastal areas, through vulnerability assessment,
adaptation planning and related capacity building.
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CPACC Project Components
1.
Design and Establishment of Sea Level/Climate
Monitoring Network
2.
Establishment of Databases and Information Systems
3.
Inventory of Coastal Resources and Use
4.
Formulation of a Policy Framework for Integrated
Adaptation Planning and Management
5.
Coral Reef Monitoring for Climate Change
6.
Coastal Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
7.
Economic Valuation of Coastal and Marine Resources
8.
Formulation of Economic/Regulatory Proposals
9.
Green House Gas inventory
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Accomplishments
• Nationally, all countries have NFP’s and NICU’s.
– In some countries, National committees have been
established to address climate change.
• Establishment of a sea level and climate monitoring
system that contributes to regional and global
assessment of the issues
• Improved access and availability of data
• Increased appreciation of climate change issues at the
policy-making level and technical support to better
define the regional position at the conventions
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Accomplishments
• Meeting country needs for expanded vulnerability
assessment, economic evaluation techniques,
developing economic instruments and methodology
for coral reef monitoring
• Created a network for regional harmonization
• Development of National Climate Change
Adaptation policies and action plans
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After CPACC
• Adapting to Climate Change in the
Caribbean (ACCC) – Oct. 2001 – Sept.
2004
• Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate
Change (MACC) – Jan. 2003-Dec. 2006
• Caribbean Community Climate change
Centre (CCCCC) – Feb 2002 IDSD Presentation - Oct '03
36
Adapting to Climate Change in the
Caribbean (ACCC) Project
• $ Cdn. 3.4 million CCCDF grant from the Canadian International
Development Agency (CIDA) to further capacity building efforts
initiated under CPACC. Includes:
– Development of business plan for Climate Change Centre
– Support for RPIU until CCCCC established and operational
– Development of a M.Sc. Programme in Climate Change at
U.W.I.
– Developing sectoral studies on climate change impacts and
adaptive responses
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ACCC Projects
• Project 1: Detailed Project Design and Business Plan for
Regional Climate Change Centre
• Project 2: Public Education and Outreach (PEO)
• Project 3: Integrating Climate Change into a Physical
Planning Process using a Risk Management Approach
• Project 4: Strengthening Technical Capacity – through
CIMH and National institutes, supporting Masters level
course at UWI, development of region-specific climate
change scenarios and liaison with other SIDS (in
Caribbean and Pacific)
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ACCC Projects
• Project 5: Integrating Adaptation Planning in
Environmental Assessments for National and Regional
Development Projects
• Project 6: Implementation Strategies for Adaptation in
the Water Sector
• Project 7: Formulation of Adaptation Strategies to
Protect Human Health
• Project 8: Adaptation Strategies for Agriculture and
Food
• Project 9: Fostering Collaboration/Cooperation with
non-CARICOM Countries
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ACCC Progress to Date
• Developing risk management approach to address
climate change impacts in the public and private
sectors
– Following several workshops and training seminars to
discuss approach
– Adapted the Canadian RM standard and terminology
but adjusted to suit the region as well as utilising
some aspects of the South pacific CHARM
(Comprehensive Hazard and Risk management)
methodology
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ACCC Progress to Date
• Regional Public Education and Outreach (PEO)
Strategy drafted after extensive consultation
• Regional Capacity Development
– Commencement of the CC Masters
– Supporting and enhancing climate modeling capability
at UWI
– CIMH support
• Commenced interaction with Pacific
• Collaboration with the CDB DMFC on the
incorporation of natural hazards consideration into
the EIA process
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Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate
Change (MACC)
• PDF B grant to assist in defining MACC
project components
– Support national and regional consultations
• Sectoral and cross sectoral
– Prepare full project proposal/document MACC – in
final phase
• MACC finally approved by World Bank in April
’03 and should commence in late 2003 after some
delay – some elements commenced already under
the ACCC
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MACC
• (a) Mainstreaming adaptation to climate
change in national development planning
and public and private investment decisions.
– A key activity of the project will be the work
with key sectors (such as water supply,
agriculture, forestry, land use planning) to
incorporate climate change impact and risk
assessment in their ongoing programs and longterm planning.
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MACC
• (b) Assisting Institutional and Technical Support
mechanisms:
– (i) Assisting participating countries with Stage II
adaptation under the UNFCCC:
– (ii) Support and coordination for the preparation of
the 2nd National Communications
– (iii) Mainstreaming through a Permanent
Institutional Mechanism to Address GCC in the
Caribbean
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MACC
• (c) Expand GCC monitoring and impact
assessment as a basis for national and regional
level decision making on adaptation. The
following activities will be supported:
– strengthening monitoring network
• wider geographical coverage;
• integration of global and Caribbean networks
• increased scope of measurements and data collection
– downscaling global models
– modeling under climate change scenarios
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MACC
• (d)Cross-regional Dissemination and
Replication
– Under this component, the project will
undertake activities to facilitate replication by
disseminating results and lessons learned to
other regions. Specifically, the project will
support efforts aimed at disseminating
mainstreaming activities in the Caribbean, to
Pacific Island Nations and other low lying
areas.
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Climate Change Centre
• First Ministerial Meeting to consider the progress in the
implementation of the BPOA mandated that a mechanism be in
place to continue climate change work in the region after the
conclusion of the CPACC Project
• On the recommendation of the Eighth Meeting of the Council for
Trade and Economic Development (COTED)
• The initiative to establish a Regional Climate Change Centre was
endorsed by the CARICOM Heads of Government at their
“Twenty-First Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government
of the Caribbean Community”, 2-5 July, 2000
• Established as a legal entity at the CARICOM Heads of
Government Intersessional Meeting, February, 2002.
• Set to commence following the start of the MACC project but
building on that activity and the CPACC Project
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The Objectives of the Centre
• Promoting protection of the earth’s climate system
• Enhancing regional institutional capabilities for the
co-ordination of national responses to the adverse
effects of climate change
• Providing comprehensive policy and technical support
in the area of climate change and related issues and
spearheading regional initiatives in those areas
• Performing the role of executing agency for regional
environmental projects relating to climate change
• Promoting education and public awareness on climate
change issues
• Facilitating regional consensus for negotiations related
to the UNFCCC
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