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Federalism to the Rescue: U.S. State and Municipal Climate Change Policy Spring 2011 Jean Monnet Symposium The Nexus of Global Climate Change and Energy: Transatlantic Perspectives Stanley J. Kabala, PhD Center for Environmental Research and Education Duquesne University 412-396-4233 [email protected] Where We Find Ourselves …On July 28, 2003, I called the threat of catastrophic global warming the "greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people…“ U.S. Sen. James M. Inhofe (R-Okla), January 4, 2005 Where We Find Ourselves McConnell Amendment to S. 493 Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-Ky) Identical to: – S. 492 Energy Tax Prevention Act – H.R. 910 Energy Tax Prevention Act Possible vote on March 30, 2011 Where We Find Ourselves Energy Tax Prevention Act of 2011 (HR 910) Rep. Fred Upton (R-Mich), Chair, Energy and Commerce Committee Exempts CO2 and other heat-trapping gases from CAA definition of “air pollutant” Thus, in effect, overturns Massachusetts v. EPA [Section 2, adding CAA Section 330(a), (b)(1)] Repeals EPA’s ”endangerment” determination [Section 2, adding CAA Section 330(b)(4)(A)] Blocks EPA carbon pollution performance standards for: – Power plants: 2.4 billion T C02/y (40% U.S. total) – Oil refineries: hundreds of millions of tons – Any industries [Section 2, adding CAA Section 330(b)(1)(A), (b)(4)(K)] Massachusetts v. EPA Background 1999 petition to EPA – regulate new vehicle GHG – CAA “endangerment” of public health & welfare 2003 EPA denial of petition: No CAA authority to do so D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals – Plaintiff: 2 states, 3 cities, 2 terr., several NGOs – Opposing: USEPA, auto and truck related groups – Suit rejected because: EPA Administrator has discretion re CAA Plaintiffs lack standing Massachusetts v. EPA Supreme Court 5 - 4 decision April 2, 2007 Massachusetts had standing to sue Ruling favor of petitioners on all 3 issues – “Injury”: Massachusetts loss of shoreline – “Causation”: Traceable to defendant – “Redressability”: Regulation to reduce warming Discretion: EPA Administrator’s judgment to on policy issues CAA Sec. 202 “sweeping definition” – any air pollutant – any substance U.S. EPA Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Rule (CFR 40 Part 98) 12/17/10 85 - 90% of U.S. GHG emissions Emitters >25,000 MT/year 2010 reports due 9/30/11 (initially 3/31/11) Data to be made public by end of 2011 “…Provide high-quality data” (to) help industries & businesses…be more efficient and save money, and be useful to Congress, state agencies, NGOs, & public.” (SJK, ed.) U.S. responses to Kyoto Protocol 1998 – 2006 1998 Byrd-Hagel Senate Resolution (S. Res. 98) No harm to U.S. economy Require action by LDCs Adopted 95-0 “Don’t bother to send treaty to Senate for ratification” 2002 Bush Administration: Reduce GHG intensity 18% by 2012 2003 McCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act Cap GHG emissions 2006 Senate Amendment 866 (Bingaman, D-NM) adopted 53/44 National, mandatory, market-based limits to slow, stop, and reverse growth of GHG emissions without harming the U.S. economy U.S. State Responses The California Lead 2000: The Pavley Act Premise: 40% California GHG emissions due to passenger vehicles & light trucks Goal: 30% GHG reduction over 8 years for new autos and light trucks Activation: Adopt by 1/1/2005 Enforce by 1/1/2006 In effect: 2009 model year U.S. State Responses The California Lead June 2005: Executive Order of the Governor GHG Emissions Reduction Targets – 2010: 2000 Level – 2020: 1990 Level (~25% below 2005) – 2050: 20% of 1990 Level U.S. State Responses: The California Lead Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 Cap on GHG from major industrial sources GHG listed in Kyoto Protocol Penalties for non-compliance Emissions reduction to 1990 level by 2020 CARB cap-and-trade program 2012 - 2020 U.S. Regional GHG Initiatives New England Governors’ CCAP (2001) GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2010 and 10% < 1990 levels by 2020 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (2003) Stabilize CO2 emissions at 121.3 short tons by 2015, reduce <105 short tons by 2020 Western Climate Initiative (2007) GHG emissions 15% < 2005 levels by 2020 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) Cooperative effort: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont $860.9 million of CO2 permit sales proceeds going toward strategic energy programs http://www.rggi.org/rggi http://www.rggi.org/rggi_benefits RGGI Program design and approach * * * * * * * * Multi-state cap-and-trade program Initial focus: CO2 only Target: electricity generators >25 MW Scheduled cap reduction: 2.5%/year Reduction by 2018: 10% Energy affordability and reliability considered Tool: interstate trading of carbon credits Expandable: more states, more allowances Western Climate Initiative Regional cap-and-trade system Reduce GHG 15% below 2005 levels by 2020 State-specific goals and climate action plans Signatories: Arizona, British Columbia, California, Manitoba, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Ontario, Quebec, Utah, Washington Implementation anticipated in January 2012 Western Climate Initiative Western Climate Initiative State GHG Emissions Goals Short term 2101 – 2012 Medium term by 2020 Long term 2040 – 2050 Arizona ----- 2000 levels 50% 2000 by 2040 Br. Columbia ----- 33% below 2007 ----- California 2000 levels 1990 levels by 2010 80% 1990 by 2050 Manitoba 6% below 1990 6% below 1990 ----- New Mexico 2000 levels by 2012 10% below 2000 75% 2000 by 2050 Oregon Arrest growth 10% below 1990 75% below 1990 by 2050 Utah ----- Set goals by 6/08 ----- Washington ----- 1990 levels 50% of 1990 by 2050 Safe Climate Act of 2007 HR 1590 (Henry Waxman, D-Ca.) Emissions 2009 Frozen 2010 – 2020 Cut 2% per year, to 1990 levels 2020 – 2050 Cut 5% per year, to 80% < 1990 levels Actions Cap-and-trade program for largest polluters Allowance sales proceeds to Climate Reinvestment Fund EPA standards for vehicle GHG =/> California’s, tightened in 2014 and periodically thereafter DOE national standards for electricity requiring: – share from renewable sources to reach 20% by 2020 – utilities to obtain each year 1% of energy supply via efficiency improvements to customer facilities Renewable/Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards 33 states and D.C Colorado (2004) California 30% by 2020 20% by 2010 33% by 2020 (3/28/11) Maine 40% by 2017 New Jersey 22.5% by 2021 New York 29% by 2015 Penna. (2004) 18% by 2020 8% from tier 1 sources 10 % from tier 2 sources Pennsylvania Climate Change Response Act 35 (2007) 850MW of solar power generated in Pa. by 2020 Utilities plan to meet alternative energy target Alternative energy credits remain the property of alternative energy system generating them Pa. Climate Change Act, Act 70 (2008) PADEP periodic reports GHG emissions inventory Climate change Advisory Committee Voluntary GHG registry Climate change action plan Pa. Climate Change Advisory Committee Non-binding 2020 goal: GHG 30% < 2000 “Robust” 2020 policies: GHG =/< 38% 2000 Improved building energy efficiency Expanded energy effic./conserv. programs Improved/expanded public transportation Enhanced land conservation, urban forestry U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement Launched 2/16/2005 (the day the Kyoto Protocol came in to effect) 500 Mayors signed by 2007 Cities whose mayors signed the agreement U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement Participating cities commit to: – Meet/beat Kyoto Protocol targets via anti-sprawl land-use policies, urban forest restoration, information campaigns – Urge state and federal action to meet/beat Kyoto Protocol GHG emissions reduction for U.S.: 7% < 1990 by 2012 – Urge Congress to establish a national GHG emissions trading system http://www.usmayors.org/climateprotection/agreement. htm U.S. Climate Action Partnership http://www.us-cap.org/ Members: – Corporations – Environmental organizations Goal: – Strong federal legislation requiring significant reductions of GHG Tool: – Principles and recommendations on on climate change policy U.S. Climate Action Partnership Members NGOs – Environmental Defense Fund – Natural Resources Defense Council – Pew Center on Global Climate Change – The Nature Conservancy – World Resources Institute Corporations – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – AES Alcoa Alstom Boston Scientific Corporation Chrysler The Dow Chemical Company Duke Energy DuPont Exelon Corporation Ford Motor Company General Electric Honeywell Johnson & Johnson NextEra Energy NRG Energy PepsiCo PG&E Corporation PNM Resources Rio Tinto Shell Siemens Corporation Weyerhaeuser Pittsburgh Climate Initiative Adopted by City Council in August 2008 2003: Pgh. emitted 6.6 million tons CO2 Goal: Cut GHG emissions 20% by 2023 Collaborative, multi-sectoral – Municipal – Community – Business – Higher Education http://pittsburghclimate.org/ Local Response ICLEI 5 milestone approach: 1. Baseline emissions inventory and forecast. 2. Emissions reduction target. 3. Climate Action Plan. 4. Policies/measures. 5. Monitoring and verification PADEP Response Local Government Greenhouse Gas Pilot Grant Program – ALLEGHENY COUNTY Wilkins Township (with Forest Hills and Penn Hills) Mt. Lebanon – BUCKS COUNTY Bucks County Multi-Municipal Program – BUTLER COUNTY Cranberry Township – CENTRE COUNTY Centre Region Greenhouse Gas Pilot Grant – CRAWFORD COUNTY Meadville – DELAWARE COUNTY Swarthmore Region Wilkins Township et al Municipal clients Wilkins Twp., Pa. Penn Hills, Pa. Forest Hills, Pa. Technical support Duquesne University CERE Products: GHG inventories Climate Action Plans Local Response Wilkins Township