Download 06 Muscular tissue Connective tissue

Muscular tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle Tissue
• Muscle cells/fibers
– Elongated
– Contain many myofilaments: Actin & Myosin
• FUNCTION
– Movement
– Maintenance of posture
– Joint Stabilization
– Heat Generation
• Three types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
(each skeletal muscle is an organ)
• Cells
– Long and cylindrical, in bundles
– Multinucleate
– Obvious Striations
• Skeletal Muscles-Voluntary
• Connective Tissue Components:
– Endomysium-surrounds fibers
– Perimysium-surrounds bundles
– Epimysium-surrounds the muscle
• Attached to bones, fascia, skin
• Origin & Insertion
academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/.../muscular.htm
Cardiac Muscle
• Cells
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Branching, chains of cells
Single or Binucleated
Striations
Connected by Intercalated discs
• Cardiac Muscle-Involuntary
• Myocardium-heart muscle
– Pumps blood through vessels
• Connective Tissue Component
– Endomysium: surrounding cells
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
Cells
Single cells, uninucleate
No striations
Smooth Muscle-Involuntary
2 layers-opposite orientation (peristalsis)
Found in hollow organs, blood vessels
Connective Tissue Component
Endomysium: surrounds cells
Nervous Tissue
• Neurons: specialized nerve cells conduct
impulses
– Cell body, dendrite, axon
• Characterized by:
– No mitosis (cell replication)
– Longevity
– High metabolic rate
www.morphonix.com
Nervous Tissue: control
• Support cells (= Neuroglial): nourishment,
insulation, protection
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Satellite cells-surround cell bodies within ganglia
Schwann cells-surround axons (PNS)
Microglia-phagocytes
Oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheaths around
axons
– Ependymal cells-line brain/spinal cord, ciliated, help
circulate CSF
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Muscle Tissue
Figure 4.1
The groups, layers of bodily muscles
10
Aponeuroses of abdominal muscles
21. External Obliques
22. Rectus Abdominus
23. Sheath of the
straight muscle of the
abdomen
31. Sartorius
32. Rectus Femoris
33. Pectineus
35. Adductor Longus
Psoas Major
Musculoskeletal System
• Skeleton
– Muscles function by pulling against bones that rotate about joints
and transmit force through the skin to the environment.
– The skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the
appendicular skeleton.
• Skeletal Musculature
– A system of muscles enables the skeleton to move.
– Origin = proximal (toward the center of the body) attachment
– Insertion = distal (away from the center of the body) attach-ment
Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle
• Cells are multinucleate
• Striated voluntary muscle
• Divides via satellite cells
Cardiac muscle
• Cardiocytes occur only in the heart
• Striated involuntary muscle
• Relies on pacemaker cells for regular
contraction
Smooth muscle tissue
• Non-striated involuntary muscle
• Can divide and regenerate
Neural tissue
• Conducts electrical impulses
• Conveys information from one area to
another
Neural tissue cells
• Neurons
– Transmit information
• Neuroglia
– Support neural tissue
– Help supply nutrients to neurons
Neural Tissue
Neural anatomy
• Cell body
• Dendrites
• Axon (nerve fiber)
– Carries information to other neurons
The lobes of the cortex
• Parietal
– Sensing
• Primary sensory
cortex
Homunculus
Tissue Injuries and Aging
Inflammation and regeneration
• Injured tissues respond in
coordinated fashion
• Homeostasis restored by
inflammation and regeneration
Tissue Injuries and Aging
Inflammatory response
• Isolates injured area
• Damaged cells, tissue components and
dangerous microorganisms removed
– Infection avoided
• Regeneration restores normal function
An Introduction to Inflammation
Aging and tissue repair
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Change with age
Repair and maintenance less efficient
Structure altered
Chemical composition altered
Aging and cancer incidence
• Incidence of cancer increases with age
• 70-80% of all cases due to exposure to
chemicals or environmental factors
Changes in a Tissue under
Stress
You should now be familiar with:
• The four major tissue types and their
functions.
• The relationship between form and function
for each tissue type.
• The types and functions of epithelial tissues.
• The structure and function of connective
tissues.
• The structure and function of the four types
of membrane.
• The three types of muscle tissue and the