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Muscular tissue Connective tissue Muscle Tissue • Muscle cells/fibers – Elongated – Contain many myofilaments: Actin & Myosin • FUNCTION – Movement – Maintenance of posture – Joint Stabilization – Heat Generation • Three types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth Skeletal Muscle Tissue (each skeletal muscle is an organ) • Cells – Long and cylindrical, in bundles – Multinucleate – Obvious Striations • Skeletal Muscles-Voluntary • Connective Tissue Components: – Endomysium-surrounds fibers – Perimysium-surrounds bundles – Epimysium-surrounds the muscle • Attached to bones, fascia, skin • Origin & Insertion academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/.../muscular.htm Cardiac Muscle • Cells – – – – Branching, chains of cells Single or Binucleated Striations Connected by Intercalated discs • Cardiac Muscle-Involuntary • Myocardium-heart muscle – Pumps blood through vessels • Connective Tissue Component – Endomysium: surrounding cells www.answers.com Smooth Muscle Tissue Cells Single cells, uninucleate No striations Smooth Muscle-Involuntary 2 layers-opposite orientation (peristalsis) Found in hollow organs, blood vessels Connective Tissue Component Endomysium: surrounds cells Nervous Tissue • Neurons: specialized nerve cells conduct impulses – Cell body, dendrite, axon • Characterized by: – No mitosis (cell replication) – Longevity – High metabolic rate www.morphonix.com Nervous Tissue: control • Support cells (= Neuroglial): nourishment, insulation, protection – – – – Satellite cells-surround cell bodies within ganglia Schwann cells-surround axons (PNS) Microglia-phagocytes Oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheaths around axons – Ependymal cells-line brain/spinal cord, ciliated, help circulate CSF • Brain, spinal cord, nerves Muscle Tissue Figure 4.1 The groups, layers of bodily muscles 10 Aponeuroses of abdominal muscles 21. External Obliques 22. Rectus Abdominus 23. Sheath of the straight muscle of the abdomen 31. Sartorius 32. Rectus Femoris 33. Pectineus 35. Adductor Longus Psoas Major Musculoskeletal System • Skeleton – Muscles function by pulling against bones that rotate about joints and transmit force through the skin to the environment. – The skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. • Skeletal Musculature – A system of muscles enables the skeleton to move. – Origin = proximal (toward the center of the body) attachment – Insertion = distal (away from the center of the body) attach-ment Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscle • Cells are multinucleate • Striated voluntary muscle • Divides via satellite cells Cardiac muscle • Cardiocytes occur only in the heart • Striated involuntary muscle • Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction Smooth muscle tissue • Non-striated involuntary muscle • Can divide and regenerate Neural tissue • Conducts electrical impulses • Conveys information from one area to another Neural tissue cells • Neurons – Transmit information • Neuroglia – Support neural tissue – Help supply nutrients to neurons Neural Tissue Neural anatomy • Cell body • Dendrites • Axon (nerve fiber) – Carries information to other neurons The lobes of the cortex • Parietal – Sensing • Primary sensory cortex Homunculus Tissue Injuries and Aging Inflammation and regeneration • Injured tissues respond in coordinated fashion • Homeostasis restored by inflammation and regeneration Tissue Injuries and Aging Inflammatory response • Isolates injured area • Damaged cells, tissue components and dangerous microorganisms removed – Infection avoided • Regeneration restores normal function An Introduction to Inflammation Aging and tissue repair • • • • Change with age Repair and maintenance less efficient Structure altered Chemical composition altered Aging and cancer incidence • Incidence of cancer increases with age • 70-80% of all cases due to exposure to chemicals or environmental factors Changes in a Tissue under Stress You should now be familiar with: • The four major tissue types and their functions. • The relationship between form and function for each tissue type. • The types and functions of epithelial tissues. • The structure and function of connective tissues. • The structure and function of the four types of membrane. • The three types of muscle tissue and the