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Nervous System Disorders Project: Drugs, Disorders/Diseases, and Neurotransmitters Mollie Blau Elena Herschberger Sarah McGinn Seerat Mission Drugs: MDMA (Ecstasy) MDMA targets the serotonergic neurons located in the brainstem. The reaction takes place on the axon terminals of the presynaptic cell. MDMA causes the release of the neurotransmitter, serotonin, and restricts the reabsorbtion of serotonin by blocking the synaptic terminal that releases it. MDMA also causes the sodium potassium pumps to overact, thus increasing the cells permeability. Ecstasy damages cells that release serotonin. This damage is permanent and irreversible, and inhibits users' memory and ability to learn. Drugs: Codeine Classification: Narcotic analgesic Action: relieve moderate to severe pain; decrease cough and noninfectious diarrhea Codeine relieves pain by binding to receptors in the brain and spinal cord that process pain signals received from nerves. It also affects cough centers in the brain and slows the intestinal tract, allowing diarrhea to become more solid. Effects: sleepy, lightheaded, dizzy, blurred vision nausea/vomiting constipation Reversing the Effects: small, frequent meals; frequent mouth care; sucking hard candy; chewing gum in order to relieve nausea/vomiting more liquids; regular exercise; fiber-containing diet to relieve constipation Disorders/Diseases: ALD (Adrenoleukodystrophy): ALD is transmitted genetically through an X chromosome mutation. The disease effects the body by destroying the myelin sheath of the nervous system white matter and the adrenal cortex. This deficiency causes dementia, progressive impairment of vision, hearing, and motor functions. In as little as two years, a victim of ALD may be totally disabled. A mix of oleic acid and euric acid, also known as "Lorenzo's Oil", can reduce or delay symptoms, but no known treatment can reverse them. Bone marrow transplants can also be used as an aid, but can be risky, and aren't recommended after the disease has matured. Disorders/Diseases: Muscular Dystrophy: A genetic disorder, affecting mostly children, that gradually weakens the body’s muscles Method of Transmission: incorrect/missing genetic information that prevents the body from making proteins necessary to build and maintain healthy muscles Low levels of dystrophin (protein that helps muscles maintain shape and length) High levels of serum creatine kinase (released into blood when muscle fibers deteriorate) Effects: lose ability to walk, sit upright, breathe easily, move arms and hands, weak heart and respiratory muscles *Increased weakness leads to other health problems such as… learning disabilities cataracts scoliosis myotonia (muscles can’t relax after a contraction) difficulty closing eyes, whistling, puffing out cheeks respiratory infections (due to inability to cough out phlegm) Treatments: *no cure therapy and joint braces to improve flexibility wheelchairs to assist mobility ventilators to aid in breathing spinal fusion to correct scoliosis steroid Prednisone can slow muscle deterioration Neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine Mediates chemical communication in the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system functions in response to short-term stress, therefore norepinephrine increases the heart rate as well as blood pressure. It also increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, increases the conversion of fats to fatty acids, and relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle to open up the air passage to the lungs. Norepinephrine fosters alertness, plays a regulatory role in long-term memory and learning and protects endorphins. Normal levels of norepinephrine can stimulate a sense of wellbeing Excess norepinephrine can cause fear and anxiety. – – – Endorphins enhance our immune system block the lesion of blood vessel have anti-aging effects by removing super oxide – are anti-stress hormones – have a pain-relieving effect – help improve your memory Endorphins interact with opiate receptor neurons to reduce the intensity of pain. Endorphins are often found in high numbers in individuals afflicted with chronic pain disorders. Endorphins are also thought to be connected to physiological processes including appetite, and the release of sex hormones. Continuous exercise contributes to an increased production and release of endorphins, “runners high.” Scientists theorize that people who suffer from severe headache have lower levels of endorphins. Bibliography: 1. “Codeine.” University of Maryland Medical Center. 2004. University of Maryland. 13 March 2006. <http://umn.edu/altmed/ConsDrugs/codeinecd.html>. 2. “Acetaminophen with Codeine Phosphate.” Whole Health Md. 2000. Whole Health Md. 13 March 2006. <http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/items_index/1,1538,HS,00.html>. 3. Clark, Alisa. “Muscular Dystrophy.” Kid’s Health. 2005 August. Nemours Foundation. 13 March 2006. http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/bones/muscular_dystrophy.html 4. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. "norepinephrine ." norepinephrine .yahoo. 14 Mar. 2006 <http://http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/norepine>. 5. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. "endorphins ." endorphins .yahoo. 14 Mar. 2006 <http://http://education.yahoo.com/reference/ encyclopedia/entry/endorphi>. 6. Thortsen, Katherine. "Endorphins." Endorphins. 14 Mar. 2006 <http://http:// www.warroad.k12.mn.us/moredocs/stdnt_work2000/kthortsen/Endorphins .html#Introduction>.