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Preparing for Grammar on the AP Test Rapert/AP Lit. Know sentence structure well:  Simple sentence:  Sam threw the orange to Irene.  Subject: Sam  Verb: threw  Direct Object: orange  Indirect Object: Irene  The indirect object receives the direct object Know sentence structure:  Phrase & Clause  Feeling generous, Sam threw the orange to Irene, who tried to catch it.  Phrase: (modifies-has no subject or verb): Feeling generous, (modifies Sam)  Dependent/subordinate clause: (modifiesalmost a complete sentence-has subject and verb-but not complete due to “who”): …,who tried to catch it.  Independent clauses are simple sentences: Sam threw the orange to Irene. Know sentence structure:  Simple: One clause, no subordinate  Jack lost his wallet on the train.  Compound: Two or more clauses usually connected by coordinating conjunctions  The rain descended and the floods came.  Complex: Main clause plus at least one subordinate clause  The man who came to dinner stayed several hour.  I knew what you meant when you said it.  Compound-Complex: Combo of compound and complex (two or more main clauses with at least one subordinate clause.  Although the party ended early, there was a mess to clean up, so we didn’t get to bed until two a.m. Know basic parts of speech Noun Verb (action, linking, helping Adjective (modifies a noun) Adverb (modifies a verb, adjective, or an adverb) Preposition Prepositional phrase (begins w/a prep and modifies another sentence element)  Pronoun  Antecedent (precedes noun and to which the pronoun refers).  The profoundly nasty little poodle snapped viciously at Sam’s ankles but he managed to push it away.        Label part of speech for each word. Enough, enough, enough!!

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