Download Grade 10 Grammar Notes

Grade 10 Grammar Notes
Eight Parts of Speech
Clause and simple sentence
AVHS English Department
The Eight Parts of Speech
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PRONOUN
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
VERB
ADVERB
PREPOSITION
CONJUNCTION
INTERJECTION
PRONOUN
- a word which takes the place of a noun. Its antecedent is a noun.
EX.: The door broke. It should be fixed. ("door" is the antecedent of "it")
Types of pronouns:
– Personal: I/me, you, she/her, he/him, it, we/us, they/them (subj./obj)
– Demonstrative: this/that , these/those
– Relative: who which that (act as conjunctions)
– Intensive: I myself make mistakes occasionally
– Reflexive: He told himself to slow down
– Indefinite: either/any/anyone/someone/everybody/both/each/one etc,
– Interrogative: who/whom, whose which (when asking a question)
NOUN
1) a "thing", in its concrete or abstract sense
2) person, place, thing / idea, quality, emotion
3) always a "subject" or "object"
4) forms plurals (usually with -s or -es)
5) often preceded by adjectives (incl. "the" and "a")
ADJECTIVE
modifies (i.e. describes or limits) a noun.
Ex. The big cat is dangerous.
VERB
1)shows action (except the verb "to be")
2) always forms a tense (past-present-future)
3) always has a "subject"
ADVERB
a) modifies a verb by showing the manner time
or place of the verb's action. Asking howwhen-where? of the verb will lead you to
adverbs.
Ex. Yesterday, the birds sang sweetly here.
b) also, modifies another adverb or an
adjective. Such adverbs are sometimes called
intensifiers.
Ex. That very black cat screamed rather
loudly last night.
PREPOSITION
- a word which shows a relation between a) the noun (or pron.)
which always follows it and b) some other noun or verb in the
sentence.
Ex. The man in the street shouted at the sailor.
The combination of the preposition followed by a noun is called a
"prepositional phrase". Prepositional phrases always act like
oversized adjectives or adverbs.
Ex. a) in the street - prep. adj. phrase (modifies "man")
b) at the sailor - prep. adv. phrase (modifies "shouted") Some
common prepositions:
in/after/through/with/over/under/by/of/at/for/into
CONJUNCTION
There are two types:
1)COORDINATE - and / but / or / for
It always joins 2 parts of speech or 2 phrases or 2 clauses of the same
type (co = equal)
Ex. The girl and her cat stared and sighed through the evening and into the
night, but they seemed quite happy nonetheless.
2) SUBORDINATE - only joins clauses, making one sentence out of two.
The subordinate conj. (unlike the coord. conj.) makes the clause that it
starts subordinate to the one it attaches to.
Some common sub. conjunctions: because/when/
where/before/that/until/unless/except/than/as/if/although
Ex. The dog barked. It was hungry. (2 sentences) The dog barked
because it was hungry. (2 clauses,1 sentence) The clause beginning
with "because" is subordinate to the opening clause; it needs the
opening clause to make sense. The subordinate conjunction is
additional meaning and always forms the first word in a subordinate
clause.
INTERJECTION
-a word which is interjected (i.e. "thrown in") to
a sentence without any connection to the rest
of the words. It is often for emphasis and so
may be accompanied by an exclamation
mark.
Example: Hey! are you listening?
– Shucks, it warn't nothin'.
– Well, I'll think of something.
CLAUSE and SIMPLE
SENTENCE
A clause is a group of words centered
around a subject (noun or pronoun)+ Verb.
A single such group of words makes a
"simple" sentence.