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Preparing for Grammar on
the AP Test
Rapert/AP Lit.
Know sentence structure well:
 Simple sentence:
 Sam threw the orange to Irene.
 Subject: Sam
 Verb: threw
 Direct Object: orange
 Indirect Object: Irene
 The indirect object receives the direct
object
Know sentence structure:
 Phrase & Clause
 Feeling generous, Sam threw the orange
to Irene, who tried to catch it.
 Phrase: (modifies-has no subject or verb):
Feeling generous, (modifies Sam)
 Dependent/subordinate clause: (modifiesalmost a complete sentence-has subject and
verb-but not complete due to “who”): …,who
tried to catch it.
 Independent clauses are simple sentences: Sam
threw the orange to Irene.
Know sentence structure:
 Simple: One clause, no subordinate
 Jack lost his wallet on the train.
 Compound: Two or more clauses usually
connected by coordinating conjunctions
 The rain descended and the floods came.
 Complex: Main clause plus at least one
subordinate clause
 The man who came to dinner stayed several hour.
 I knew what you meant when you said it.
 Compound-Complex: Combo of compound and
complex (two or more main clauses with at least
one subordinate clause.
 Although the party ended early, there was a mess to clean
up, so we didn’t get to bed until two a.m.
Know basic parts of speech
Noun
Verb (action, linking, helping
Adjective (modifies a noun)
Adverb (modifies a verb, adjective, or an adverb)
Preposition
Prepositional phrase (begins w/a prep and modifies
another sentence element)
 Pronoun
 Antecedent (precedes noun and to which the pronoun
refers).
 The profoundly nasty little poodle snapped viciously
at Sam’s ankles but he managed to push it away.
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 Label part of speech for each word.
Enough, enough, enough!!