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Transcript
The past participle and the
present perfect tense
The past participle is formed by adding -ado to
the stem of -ar verbs and -ido to the stem of er and -ir verbs.
• tomar
– Tomado
• taken
• comer
– Comido
• eaten
• vivir
– Vivido
• lived
An accent mark is added to the past participle
of -er and -ir verbs whose stems end in -a, -e,
or -o.
•
•
•
•
•
•
caer
creer
leer
oír
reír
traer
•
•
•
•
•
•
caído
creído
leído
oído
reído
traído
•
•
•
•
•
•
fallen
believed
read
heard
laughed
brought
The following verbs have irregular past participles.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
abrir
cubrir
decir
descubrir*
escribir
hacer
imprimir
ir
morir
poner
resolver
romper
ser
ver
volver
to open
to cover
to say, tell
to discover
to write
to do, make
to print
to go
to die
to put, place
to resolve
to break, break through
to be
to see
to return
abierto
cubierto
dicho
descubierto
escrito
hecho
impreso
ido
muerto
puesto
resuelto
roto
sido
visto
vuelto
*TIP: Don’t forget that verbs with the same base form as an irregular verb will also
have the same irregular past participles.
In both English and Spanish, past participles may be used
as adjectives to modify a noun. In Spanish, when the past
participle is used as an adjective, in agrees in gender and
number with the noun it modifies.
• Esa pintura fue hecha en el Perú.
•That painting was made in Perú.
• La catedral fue construida in 1560.
• The cathedral was constructed in 1560.
• La gente está desilusionada.
• The people are disillusioned.
• Las ventanas están rotas.
• The windows are broken.
The present perfect is a compund tense that requires two
verbs. In English, the present perfect is formed with the
present tense of the auxiliary verb to have + past participle. In
Spanish, the present is formed with the present tense of the
auxiliary verb haber + past participle.
yo
tú
Ud., él, ella
nosotros/as
vosotros/as
Uds., ellos, ellas
Haber
he
has
ha
hemos
habéis
han
Past Participle
tomado/comido/
vivido
In general, the present perfect is used to refer
to a past action or event that is perceived as
having some bearing on the present.
• Últimamente mis padres han
experimentado muchas dificultades
personales, pero hasta ahora han
logrado superarlas.
– My parents have experienced many
personal difficulties lately, but so far
they’ve managed to overcome them.
The auxiliary verb haber agrees with the
subject of the sentence. The past participle
does not change.
• ¿Has intentado llamar a tu amiga?
– Have you tried to call your friend?
• No, pero he hablado con su madre.
– No, but I’ve spoken with her mother.
The auxiliary verb haber and the past participle
cannot be separated by another word. Object
pronouns and negative words are always placed
before haber.
• ¿Has conocido al señor malhumorado?
– Have you met the bad-tempered man?
• No le he conocido todavía.
– No, I haven’t met him yet.
• ¿Engaño el político a los votantes?
– Did the politician deceive the voters?
• Sin duda los ha engañado.
– Without a doubt, he has deceived them.
The verb haber is not interchangeable with tener.
Haber means to have only when used as an auxiliary
verb with the past participle. Tener means to have or
to own in the sense of possession.
• El director del colegio tiene pocas
opciones.
– The school principal has few options.
• ¿Tienes algún mal habito?
– Do you have any bad habits?
Remember that you can use the present tense of
acabar de + infinitive in oder to describe an event that
has just happened.
• El vanidoso acaba de anunciar su
buena fortuna.
– The conceited man had just announced his
good fortune.
• Acabo de prevenir una crisis.
– I have just prevented a crisis.
Translate these sentences into Spanish.
• What have they done?
– ¿Qué han hecho?
• Have you left? (fam. S)
– ¿Has salido tú?
• Has he called?
– ¿Ha llamado él?
• Where have they been?
– ¿Dónde han estado ellos?
• What has she broken?
– ¿Qué ha roto ella?
• How much have we read?
– ¿Cuánto hemos leído?
• How many have you seen (form, P)?
– ¿Cuántos han visto ustedes?
• Why has it died?
– ¿Por qué ha muerto?
• Who has written?
– ¿Quién ha escrito?
• What have they said?
– ¿Qué han dicho?
Give the present perfect form of the verb.
• ¿(Lavar) _____ usted los vasos?
– ¿Ha lavado usted los vasos?
• Estos pobres (tener) ____ demasiadas
dificultades.
– Estos pobres han tenido demasiadas
dificultades.
• Pepe, ¿(salir) ____ ya tu mamá?
– Pepe, ¿ha salido ya tu mamá?
• Mi familia y yo (dar) ____ mucho a los pobres.
– Mi familia y yo hemos dado mucho a los
pobres.
• (yo) (aceptar) ____ consejos.
– (yo) He aceptado consejos.
• ¿(Recoger) ____ (vosotros) los anuncios.
– Habéis recogido los anuncios.
• Tú (decidir) _____ ya, ¿no?
– Tú has decidido ya, ¿no?
• ¿(Preguntar) _____ ustedes el precio?
– ¿Han preguntado Uds. el precio?
• (Nosotros) (nacer) ____ en una nación
democrática.
– (Nosotros) Hemos nacido en una nación
democrática.
Choose between the uses of tener and haber.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
tengo una raqueta de tenis.
(Yo) ______
he
(Yo) _____
preparado mi disertación.
tengo todos los ejercicios preparados.
(Yo) ______
has llamado (tú) todavía?
¿No _____
hemos llamado.
No, (nosotros) no _____
Por fin, mamá lo _____
preparado todo.
ha
Han aprendido ustedes a practicar karate?
¿_____
tenemos dos pares de zapatos de tenis.
Sí, nosotros _____
has
¿(Tú) ______
contado el dinero?
tengo todo el dinero.
Sí, (yo) _____
Ask a partner the following questions. They
must respond using the present perfect.
•
•
•
•
•
•
_____, ¿Has estado enfermo/a?
_____, ¿ Has escuchado las noticias?
Señora, ¿ha perdido usted algo?
_____, ¿He respondido bien?
_____, ¿He contestado tu pregunta?
Has corrido cinco millas. ¿no?