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Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering This genetically engineered plant Glows-in-the-Dark! A genetically engineered mouse that can grow a human ear! 13-1 Applied Genetics • Selective Breeding: Allowing only animals with desired traits to reproduce. Hybridization • Crossing (reproducing) different individuals to bring together the best of both organisms • Produce a Hybrid which are often hardier than parents. Inbreeding • Breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain these characteristics 13-2: Manipulating DNA Genetic Engineering: making changes in the DNA of living organisms Some tools we use to change DNA: • • • DNA Extraction – taking DNA out of the cell Restriction enzymes: are special enzymes that cut DNA in specific locations by recognizing certain base sequences ...small pieces are easier to work with, study and identify now, let's organize: Gel electrophoresis: separates DNA fragments through a gel using electricity • Cutting and Pasting: we can make new DNA by combining DNA from different sources this is called Recombinant DNA • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): uses DNA polymerase to create thousands of copies of a gene Cell Transformation • Transformation – a cell takes & incorporates DNA from outside into its own DNA Steps to Transforming Bacteria 1. Take the gene of interest out of the DNA from a human cell 2. Cut it out using restriction enzymes (act like scissors!!) 3. You are left with your “gene of interest” 4. Take a plasmid (ring of DNA) out of a bacterial cell, cut it with restriction enzymes. 5. Place the gene of interest in the plasmid, making a ring again 6. Put this ring back into a bacteria and let it reproduce!! ...and bacteria will reproduce really fast!!!! Transforming Plant Cells • A bacterium inserts a DNA plasmid into plant cells to create new unique plants • Ex. Plants resistant to pesticides Transforming Animal Cells •DNA is injected into the nucleus of an egg. As the embryo grows the new DNA will be reproduced Applications of Genetic Engineering: Biotechnology • New technology has created a new field of study: Biotechnology • We can create transgenic organisms – that contain genes from other organisms Glowing bumblebee: Modified Pigglets! Transgenic organisms • When an organism contains genes from other organisms. • Example: – Scientists are inserting human genes into animals such as goats Transgenic Animals • Have been used to study genes and improve the food supply – Research is under way where goats could be modified to produce spider silk proteins in their milk that could be used in the production of medical sutures and bullet-proof vests Transgenic Plants • Modified plants are important in our food supply! • 25% of all corn grown in US in genetically modified • Ex. They have natural insecticides, resist herbicides, vitamins Other Uses for Recombinant DNA?? • DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources. – Genetically engineered cells contain recombinant DNA Firefly gene + tobacco plant = glowing tobacco plant! Cloning: creating genetically identical individuals Cloning • Clone: a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. • 1997: first mammal cloned. Dolly, the sheep. How do you make a clone? 13.3- Human Genome Project • When: Began in 1990, finished in 2003 • Cost: approx. $3 billion • What: Sequenced the human genome (all 24 chromosomes) • Why: To help understand our DNA • Fun fact: – The order of almost all (99.9%) nucleotide bases is exactly the same in all people Assignment: • Page 337-338 • 1-10, 13, 16, 17, 22, 23