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Blood and Immunity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Futnu_6NmQo&feature=kp Why is blood a connective tissue? It plays a role in linking all the cells and organs in the body Elements of Blood Blood consists of two distinct elements: A fluid portion – called plasma Consists of water, dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and waste products Makes up 55% of blood volume A solid portion – called the formed portion Consists of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Makes up 45% of blood volume Red Blood Cells Also known as erythrocytes Make up 44% of blood volume Specialized for oxygen transport as well as carbon dioxide transport Small in size (8 micrometers in diameter) Live for approx. 120 days Red Blood Cells RBC’s do not have nuclei These cells are packed with hemoglobin, an iron containing molecule that chemically binds with oxygen The oxygen is taken to the tissues that require it and it diffuses from the hemoglobin to the cells Hemoglobin also transports small amounts of carbon dioxide from the tissues www.nlm.nih.gov Red Blood Cells Anemia occurs if there are too few RBC’s or the RBC’s do not have enough hemoglobin This reduces the amount of oxygen traveling through the body A person with anemia is usually pale, and feels tired often This can be caused by a dietary deficiency in iron The Role of Red Blood Cells in Anemia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZV5140OykE Red Blood Cells RBC’s are produced in the bone marrow through a process called erythropoiesis http://nlds.sdsu.edu/ White Blood Cells Also called leucocytes Part of the body’s response to infection Make up approx. 1% of total blood volume This number increases when a person is fighting an infection Have nuclei and appear colorless White Blood Cells WBC’s can be divided into three categories: Granulocytes Monocytes Lymphocytes http://www.lymphomation.org/bone-marrow.htm White Blood Cells Granulocytes Consist of neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils Found in circulating blood Engulf and destroy foreign bodies (phagocytosis) http://www.dmacc.edu/instructors/rbwollaston/Chapter_11_Blood.htm White Blood Cells Monocytes Can leave the blood stream and become specialized as macrophages Also found in circulating blood to engulf and destroy foreign bodies White Blood Cells Lymphocytes Some produce proteins called antibodies that recognize foreign bodies (pathogens) and allow them to be destroyed Quite often destroyed by granulocytes and monocytes Platelets Fragment of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart Contain no nuclei Last in blood from 2-8 days Play a key role in blood clotting Platelets – and blood clotting Injury to a blood vessel starts a cascade of events Substances released by the broken blood vessel attract platelets The collecting platelets break apart and release an enzyme called thromboplastin As long as there are calcium ions present, thromboplastin will react with prothrombin (a protein in the plasma produced by the liver) to produce thrombin Thrombin is an enzyme that reacts with fibrinogen (another plasma protein) to produce fibrin Fibrin forms a mesh of strands around the injured area http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--bZUeb83uU&feature=related Platelets – and blood clotting Cascade of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is triggered by platelets, blood components and damaged tissue (thromboplastin) Ca2+ Prothrombin Thrombin Ca2+ Fibrinogen Fibrin Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area of a blood vessel, providing the framework for a clot. Trapped RBC’s make the clot appear red. Plasma Blood cells are suspended in plasma Plasma is 92% water, 7% blood proteins, 0.1% organic substances and 0.9% inorganic ions (calcium, magnesium etc.) Plays a role in the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood CO2 diffuses into the water portion of blood and forms carbonic acid inside the cytoplasm of RBC’s It diffuses out of the RBC’s and into the plasma as bicarbonate ions It is then carried from the tissues to the lungs for gas exchange Blood Disorders Hemophilia Results from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood People are in constant danger of bleeding to death if they injure themselves Treated with injections of a substance called Factor VIII, which is a protein involved in coagulation what is missing from their blood Blood Disorders Leukemia Cancer of the white blood cells Myeloid leukemia Too many immature leucocytes and are unable to fight infection Crowd out RBC – anemia and fatigue Lymphoid leukemia Cancer of the lymphocytes Same symptoms of myeloid leukemia Treatment includes blood transfusions, chemotherapy and bone marrow transplants Bone marrow is usually considered the last resort because it is a very painful procedure The Defense System The skin (preventing the entrance of pathogens) First line of defense along with eyelashes, cilia of respiratory tract, tears and stomach acid The outer layer of skin is a hostile environment for the survival of microorganisms Inhospitable for growth of pathogens The Defense System Non-specific defenses Second line of defense Cell-mediated immunity from three types of WBC’s – macrophages, neutrophils and monocytes Use phagocytosis to ingest pathogens Also includes natural killer cells Target body cells that have become cancerous or have been infected by viruses The Defense System Specific Defenses (antibody-mediated) Third line of defense Immunity is developed using antibodies Antibodies are proteins that recognize foreign substances and act to neutralize or destroy them Each person develops an immune system that is unique because we are not all exposed to the same diseases and infections Antigens are molecules that are found on the surface of the cells and on pathogens – Provide an identification system allowing immune response cells to recognize foreign substances in the body – Antibodies bind to the antigen receptor http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=faq&dbid The Defense System Specific Defenses (antibody-mediated) Immunity is also due to the function of lymphocytes in the circulatory system Lymphocytes are divided into two groups depending on where they mature B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) The Defense System Specific Defenses (antibody-mediated) B lymphocytes (B cells) mature in the bone marrow Different B cells produce different antibodies When a B cell becomes activated it produces memory B cells – which remain in the blood and trigger another immune response when necessary The Defense System Specific Defenses (antibody-mediated) T lymphocytes (T cells) mature in the thymus gland (near the heart) Responsible for cellular immunity Helper T cell recognizes antigens and gives off chemical signals to stimulate other immune cells Killer T cells bind with infected cells and destroy them by puncturing a hole in the cell membrane Suppressor T cells slow and suppress the process of other T cells so that normal tissue does not get destroyed Memory T cells remain in the blood stream and are able to act quickly if the antigen is encountered again Immune System Disorders Autoimmune Disorder When the T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body’s own cells as if they had foreign antigens Ex. Rheumatoid arthritis (inflammation of the lining of the joints) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVvyfFPnKPA Ex. AIDS Ex. Diabetes Ex. Multiple Sclerosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgySDmRRzxY Immune System Disorders Allergies An exaggerated response by the immune system to a harmless material Immediate reaction – occurs within seconds of exposure, antibodies trigger the release of histamines making the area red and swollen – Some forms of asthma are immediate allergic responses Delayed reaction – set off by T cells, reaction is slower and lasts for a longer period of time – Allergies to some types of jewelry for example Symptoms of food allergies can be immediate or delayed – Why have the incidences of food allergies increased in Canada? – What are some common food allergies? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3bOgdvV-_M Blood Types The type of ANTIGEN present on the surface of RBC determines blood type. Blood from humans is classified into four groups, based on the antigens on the surface of RBC (A, B, AB, or O). Blood Typing involves identifying the antigens in a sample Three of the most important human antigens are called A, B, and Rh Blood Types The A-B-O System is based on the A and B antigen. It is a means of classifying blood by the antigens located on the surface of RBC and the antibodies circulating in the plasma An individual's RBC may carry an A antigen, a B antigen, both A and B antigens, or no antigen at all. These antigen patterns are called BLOOD TYPES A, B, AB, O respectively AB is known as a Universal Recipient, meaning that they can receive any type blood O is known as a Universal Donor, meaning they can donate blood to anyone http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4qkwW-Fl3E&feature=related Blood Types http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Cardiovascular%20System.htm Blood Types http://www.donateblood.com.au/page.aspx?IDDataTreeMenu=42&parent=30 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttjn1j VACk8 What are Blood Types? Big Idea: Blood Transfusions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fmh QkZsyPVQ Blood Types Rh System An antigen that is sometimes on the surface of RBC is the Rh FACTOR, named after the rhesus monkey in which it was first discovered Rh-positive (Rh+), means that Rh Antigens are present People who do not have Rh Antigens are called Rh-negative (Rh-) If an Rh- person receives a transfusion of blood that has Rh+ antigens, Rh- antibodies will react with the antigen and agglutination (clumping) will occur Blood Types Rh System The most serious problem with Rh incompatibility occurs during pregnancy If the mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+, the child may inherit the dominant Rh+ allele (gene) from the father If the babies Rh+ blood gets into the mother during delivery, the mother will develop antibodies to the Rh Factor If a second Rh+ child is conceived later, the mother's antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the blood of the fetus This condition is called ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGhTFjwO2Ac Blood Types Rh System To prevent this condition, an Rh- mother of an Rh+ child can by given antibodies to destroy and Rh+ cells that have entered her bloodstream from the fetus The antibodies, a substance called RHOGAM, must be administered to the mother within three days after the birth of her first Rh+ child to remove from her bloodstream any Rh+ antibodies By destroying any Rh+ cells in her bloodstream, any danger to a second child is prevented because the mother will not make any antibodies against the blood cells of the Rh+ fetus Blood Types Rh System http://www.scienceclarified.com/Qu-Ro/Rh-Factor.html