Download amp R - Fort Bend ISD

CHAPTER 13
CHANGING THE LIVING WORLD
A. Selective breeding-choosing only animals with
desired traits and mating or crossing them; this has
been done with all domesticated animals and many
food crops and flowers and trees
1. hybridization-crossing dissimilar individuals to
hopefully get the best of both buffalo and a cow to
get a beefalo donkey and a horse
2. inbreeding-breeding of organisms with similar traits
makes organisms more homozygous and allows
mutant genes to get together to produce mutant
organisms
B. Polyploidy-having an extra set of chromosomes; only
occurs in plants, produces new species which often
have larger flowers and fruits
Using a restriction enzyme
and DNA ligase to make
recombinant DNA
restriction fragments with
sticky ends
Gel Electrophoresis
Polymerase Chain
Reaction - PCR
DNA polymerase for PCR
was taken from bacteria
that live in hot water; the
primers are the key to
which DNA gets replicated.
Cloning a Human
Gene in a bacterial
plasmid
ampR-is a gene for
antibiotic resistance
Recombinant
DNA
Cloning a Human
Gene in a bacterial
plasmid
transformation-putting
the plasmid into the
bacteria
Bacteria that did not get a
plasmid die on the plate
that contains ampicillin
Bacteria with a plasmid
without the human DNA
can make the enzyme to
breakdown X-gal and they
turn blue
Bacteria that have the
human gene in their
plasmid cannot make the
enzyme to break down
X-gal and they stay white
Overview of How Bacterial Plasmids Are Used to Clone Genes
semistarvation
Dolly and her
surrogate mother
Hello Dolly
“Pharm” animals
Using restriction fragment patterns to distinguish DNA
from different alleles; takes patience or luck
Restriction fragment analysis by Southern Blotting
Single stranded
DNA is attached
to the paper.
alkaline solution draws through
the gel removing and
denaturing some of the DNA
Sequencing of DNA by the Sanger Method
Step 1 Make labeled cDNA strands with special nucleotides that
stop the chain when they are added
Sequencing of DNA by
the Sanger Method
Step 2 Different length
strands are produced
randomly with the
ddNucleotides stopping the
strand polymerization when
they are added
Sequencing of DNA by
the Sanger Method
Step 3 The new DNA
strands are separated
by gel electrophoresis.
Sequencing of DNA by the
Sanger Method
Step 4: Read the sequence of
the strands from the bands on
the autoradiograph
G
A
C
T
G
A
A
G
C
Alternative strategies for sequencing an entire genome.
Celera used the maps and sequence data from the public consortium
DNA microarray for gene
expression
Proteomics-study of the
full sets of proteins
encoded by genomes
Challenges:
More proteins than genes
Proteins differ with cell
type and state
Proteins are extremely
variable in structure and
function
DNA
microarray for
gene
expression
2,400 human
genes shows
which genes
are being
made into
protein in this
cell
RFLP markers close to a gene
A possible gene
therapy procedure
Problems:
In a multicellular
organisms, it is difficult
to get the gene into and
expressed by enough
cells to make a
difference.
We could eventually
correct the defect in germ
or embryonic cells but
should we?
DNA fingerprints from a murder case
RFLP markers from satellite DNA with
“simple tandem repeats”
Pharmaceutical Products
human insulin
human growth factor
plasminogen activator (clot busters)
artificial vaccines
Currently only made by bacteria and viruses
Using the Ti plasmid as a vector for
genetic engineering in plants
Genetically
modified
Golden Rice
with betacarotene
Ordinary Rice
Banding patterns
Analyzing DNA
Injecting DNA into a cell